PR1 Chapter 3

• Methodology


  • This describes your basic research plan
  • you should keep the wording of your research questions consistent throughout the document
• Introduction

  • Overview of the research design and methodology
  • It usually begins with few short introductory paragraphs that restate the purpose and research questions
• Research Design

  Detailed description of Qualitative Approach
• Phenomenology - is a wide-ranging form of study. In this research model, the researcher looks to gather information that explains how individuals experience a phenomenon and how they feel about it. This model recognizes that there is no single objective reality, everyone experiences things differently. The outcome is described from the point of view of the participants
• Grounded Theory


  The purpose of this theory is to develop a theory surrounding a social issue. This theory seeks not only to identify problems in social scenes, but also to define how people deal with those problems.
• Case Study - This study is one of the most common qualitative designs, are used to examine a person, group, community or institution. Researchers often use a bounded theory approach that confines the case study in terms of time or space. To conduct the case study, the researcher may draw upon multiple sources of data, such as observation, interviews and documents.
• Sources of Data / Data Collection

  • research instrument use
  • Description of the methods used to gather data
• Interview


  Researchers can conduct in-depth, face-to-face interviews with participants. This allows them to gain insights from the participants to best understand their experience.
• Focus Groups


  are similar to interviews, but involve multiple participants at once.
• Observation


  A less direct method than interviews or focus groups, this method requires careful attention to participants' activities and behaviors in order to gather data.
• Document analysis


  Researchers can gather useful data from print documents as well as electronic records. Careful analysis is needed to draw conclusions from the body of related documents.
• Respondents Of The Study - Participants of the study whom researchers seek to generalize their findings.
• Sampling Technique

  To get a representative sample or small collection of units or cases from much larger collection or population, the researcher can study the smaller group and produce accurate generalizations about larger groups.
• Convenience sampling


  This sampling technique involves choosing or picking people who are easy for the researcher to reach and get in touch with and to get information
• Purposive sampling


  is a technique used in qualitative research to select a specific group of individuals or units for analysis. Participants are chosen "on purpose," not randomly. It is also known as judgmental sampling or selective sampling. Therefore, the sample is selected based on the characteristics or attributes that the researcher is interested in studying.
• Snowball sampling


  If the population is hard to access, this sampling can be used to recruit participants via other participants. The number of people you have access to "snowballs" as you get in contact with more people.
• Quota sampling


  • The selection of the sample is made by the interviewer, who has been giving quotas to fill from specified sub-groups of the population.
  • They apply survey quota on the age groups also
• Simple random sampling


  In this sample, every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Your sampling frame should include the whole population
• Stratified sampling - involves dividing the population into subpopulations that may differ in important ways. It allows you draw more precise conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup is properly represented in the sample. You divide the population into subgroups (called strata) based on the relevant characteristic (e.g., gender identity, age range, income bracket, job role).
• Cluster sampling


  is best used to study large, spread-out populations, where aiming to interview each subject would be costly, time-consuming, and perhaps impossible. Allows for creating clusters with a smaller representation of the population being assessed, with similar characteristics.
• Systematic sampling - is similar to simple random sampling, but it is usually slightly easier to conduct. Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals.
• Data Gathering Procedure

  This analyze on how the data is gathered.
• Data Analysis

  Explanation of how the collected data were analyzed
• Content Analysis


  is a research tool used to determine the presence of certain words, themes, or concepts within some given qualitative data (i.e. text). Using this, researchers can quantify and analyze the presence, meanings, and relationships of such certain words, themes, or concepts. As an example, researchers can evaluate language used within a news article to search for bias or partiality. Researchers can then make inferences about the messages within the texts, the writer(s), the audience, and even the culture and time of surrounding the text.
• Narrative Analysis- is a type of qualitative data analysis that focuses on interpreting the core narratives from a study group's personal stories.
• Thematic analysis


  is a method for analyzing qualitative data that involves reading through a set of data and looking for patterns in the meaning of the data to find themes. It is an active process of reflexivity in which the researcher's subjective experience is at the center of making sense of the data.
• Discourse Analysis


  is a broad term for various qualitative methods that explore the structure and expression of language within its social and cultural context. It looks at the linguistic content (what's said) and language use (how it's used) in a given text to convey meaning in different social settings.
• Grounded theory analysis


  The approach is a qualitative research methodology that attempts to unravel or investigate the meanings of people's interactions, social actions, and experiences. In other words, these explanations are grounded in the participants' own interpretations or explanations. This theory often used in cases where there is no existing theory that explains the phenomenon being studied. It is also possible to use it if there is an existing theory, but it is potentially incomplete because the information wasn't gathered from the group you intend to research
• Ethical Considerations


  Explanation of the ethical principles followed and steps taken to protect participants' rights.
• Limitations


  Identification of any limitations or constraints encountered during the research.
• Result

  the researchers will analyze the result of their study
• Conclusion

  the researcher will conclude the overall result of the study