General Chmistry 1

• Quantum numbers

  • Principal quantum number (n)
  • Angular momentum quantum number or azimuthal quantum number (ℓ)
  • Magnetic quantum number (mℓ)
  • Spin quantum number (ms)

  
• Principal quantum number (n)


  Represents the energy level of the electron
• Angular momentum quantum number or azimuthal quantum number (ℓ)


  Tells us the atomic orbital shape
• Magnetic quantum number (mℓ)


  Tells about the orientation of the atomic orbitals along the xyz plane
• Spin quantum number (ms)


  Describes the spin or angular momentum of the electron pair in an orbital
• Orbital Shapes


  • s
  • p
  • d
  • f
• Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle states that it is not possible to determine both the momentum (angular velocity) and the position of a particle (such as an electron) at the same time
• The modern day model of an atom is called "cloud model" or "quantum model" which is grounded on Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
• Erwin Schrodinger, the physicist who introduced the Wave Theory, together with other scientists found out that a set of numbers are needed to describe the three-dimensional coordinates of an electron in the atomic orbitals of a hydrogen atom
• Werner Heisenberg - first propose the quantum theory.
• Aufbau Principle


  According to this principle, the electrons of ground state atoms (uncharged atoms) tend to fill first the shell, subshell, and orbitals that produce the lowest energy for the atom.
• Hund’s Rules

  states that electrons pair only after the orbitals in the same subshell are filled with single electrons.