skin and eyes

• Chickenpox


  An infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus that causes an itchy rash with small, fluid-filled blisters
• Chickenpox


  • Highly contagious to people who haven't had the disease or been vaccinated against it
• Causative agent of chickenpox

  Human herpes virus 3 (HHV-3) or varicella zoster virus (VZV)
• Incubation period of chickenpox

  14 to 16 days after exposure to a varicella or a herpes zoster rash, with a range of 10 to 21 days
• Mode of infection for chickenpox

  Transmitted from person to person by direct contact, droplet or air born spread of vesicle fluid or secretions of the respiratory tract
• Chickenpox vaccine


  Protects against chickenpox, one dose prevents 95% of moderate disease and 100% of severe disease, two doses are more effective than one
• Signs and symptoms of chickenpox

  • High temperature
  • Body ache
  • Loss of appetite
  • Headache
• Diagnosis of chickenpox


  Generally diagnosed based on the rash, can be confirmed with laboratory tests including blood tests or a culture of lesion samples
• Treatment of chickenpox


  No specific treatment, but pharmacy remedies can alleviate symptoms including paracetamol, calamine lotion and cooling gels
• German Measles


  Also known as rubella, a viral infection best known by its distinctive red rash
• Causative agent of German Measles

  Rubella virus, a togavirus that is enveloped and has a single-stranded RNA genome
• Incubation period of German Measles

  17 days, with a range of 12 to 23 days
• Mode of transmission for German Measles

  Spread by direct contact with nasal or throat secretions of infected individuals, or by breathing in droplets that are sprayed into the air when an infected person sneezes, coughs or talks
• Vaccine for German Measles


  MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, CDC recommends two doses starting at 12-15 months and 4-6 years
• Signs and symptoms of German Measles

  • Fever
  • Swollen lymph nodes
  • Distinctive red rash
• Diagnosis of German Measles


  Culture test or a blood test to detect rubella antibodies indicating recent or past infection or vaccine
• Treatment of German Measles


  No effective antiviral treatment, treatment of symptoms only
• Measles


  Also called rubeola, a childhood infection caused by a virus that spreads easily and can be serious and even fatal for small children
• Causative agent of Measles

  Morbillivirus, a respiratory infection
• Incubation period of Measles

  Averages 10-12 days from exposure to prodrome, 14 days from exposure to rash onset (range 7-21 days), prodrome lasts 2-4 days (range 1-7 days)
• Mode of transmission for Measles

  One of the most contagious infectious diseases, transmitted by direct contact with infectious droplets or by airborne spread when an infected person breathes, coughs, or sneezes, can also be spread through sharing drinks/food, kissing, touching surfaces, and from pregnant people to their babies
• Vaccine for Measles


  MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, CDC recommends two doses starting at 12-15 months and 4-6 years, MMRV vaccine also available for children 12 months to 12 years
• Signs and symptoms of Measles

  • Fever
  • Dry cough
  • Runny nose
  • Sore throat
  • Inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis)
  • Koplik's spots (tiny white spots with bluish-white centers on a red background found inside the mouth on the inner lining of the cheek)
• Diagnosis of Measles


  Examining the skin rash and checking for characteristic symptoms, laboratory test samples (urine, secretions from nose and throat, and blood)
• Treatment of Measles


  No cure, but can manage symptoms with fever reducers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen, get plenty of rest and drink lots of fluids
• Smallpox


  An infectious disease caused by the Variola major and Variola minor viruses
• Causative agent of Smallpox

  Variola virus, the most virulent member of the Genus Orthopoxvirus
• Incubation period of Smallpox

  1. 10 days after exposure
• Mode of transmission for Smallpox

  Via direct deposition of large, infective droplets of saliva onto the nasal, oral, or pharyngeal mucosal membranes, during close, face to face contact with a susceptible individual
• Smallpox vaccine


  First successful vaccine developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner
• Signs and symptoms of Smallpox

  • A distinctive rash appears 2-3 days after exposure
• Diagnosis of Smallpox


  Isolation of blood or lesion
• Warts


  Small, grainy skin growths that occur most often on the fingers or hands, caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Incubation period of Warts

  2 to 3 months, with a range of 1 to 20 months for genital warts, can take up to 10 years for a high-risk HPV infection to develop into cancer
• Mode of transmission for Warts

  Transmitted by direct contact or indirect contact (e.g. public showers or swimming pool areas), can be transmitted to oneself or others, picking or scratching at warts can increase the risk of transmission
• Wart vaccine


  The HPV vaccine may work as a treatment, clearing warts in people who are already infected
• Signs and symptoms of Warts

  • Small, fleshy, grainy bumps on the skin, flesh-colored, white, pink or tan, rough to the touch, sprinkled with black pinpoints (clotted blood vessels)
• Diagnosis of Warts


  Examining the wart, scraping off the top layer to check for dark, pinpoint dots, or removing a small section for laboratory analysis
• Treatment of Warts


  • Stronger peeling medicine (salicylic acid), freezing (cryotherapy), laser treatment
• Superficial Mycoses


  Fungal diseases confined to the outer layers of the skin, nail, or hair, rarely invading deeper tissue or viscera