BIO210- CHAP 15 INNATE IMMUNITY QUIZ

• Normal inhabitants of the skin include Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, and yeast.
• Innate (non-specific) immunity is an immune system present at birth.
• An antigen is a foreign substance in the body.
• Innate immunity defends against any pathogen. It uses both first and second lines of defense mechanisms.
• Intact skin is a first line of defense.
• Mucous membranes that line the respiratory tract, GI tract, and urogenital tract are a first line of defense.
• The gastrointestinal tract is a first line of defense due to its ability to perform peristalsis, defecation, and vomiting.
• Tears, saliva, and mucus contains the enzyme lysozyme.
• Urine, sebum, and gastric juices contain an acidic pH
• Sweat is high in salt.
• Normal microbiota is a first line of defense because because they keep other microbes out by secreting chemicals.
• Formed elements, such as leukocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes are second lines of defense.
• Histamine is released by tissues and basophils, which causes vasodilation
• Prostaglandins are released from damaged cells and intensify the effects of histamine, which help phagocytes move through capillary walls
• Leukotrienes are produced by mast cells and basophils. It causes vasodilation and help attach phagocytes to pathogens.
• Cytokines are used in adaptive immunity and involved in cell communication. It also causes vasodilation
• Interleukins have several types, sends messages between leukocytes, and stimulates immune responses
• Interferons protect against viruses and infected cells signals neighbouring cells to produce antiviral proteins. Interferons also activates macrophages.
• The most abundant leukocytes are neutrophils
• Red blood cells transport oxygen
• Platelets are responsible for clot formation
• Mast cells are involved with inflammation and allergic reactions
• Eosinophils reduce inflammation
• Basophils release histamine
• Neutrophils are phagocytes that are active during initial infection. They leave blood and enter tissues (60-70%)
• Lymphocytes lead to antibody production, examples include T, B, and NK cells (20-25%)
• Monocytes are phagocytes and are the largest in size. This also includes macrophages and dendritic cells (3-8%)
• Eosinophils produce toxic proteins against certain parasitic worms and reduce inflammation (2-4%)
• Basophils release histamine (0.5-1%)
• Phagocytosis is a second line of defense and is the process of ingesting a pathogen or debris
• The steps in phagocytosis includes:

  1. chemotaxis
  2. adherence
  3. Ingestion
  4. digestion
• Chemotaxis is the chemical attraction of phagocytes to pathogens and are done by chemical receptors
• Adherence is the attachment to pathogen
• Ingestion is the engulfment of pathogens
• Digestion is when the lysosomes break down the pathogen
• Leukocytosis is an increase in leukocytes.

  Ex. Meningitis, mononucleosis, appendicitis
• Leukopenia is a decrease in leukocytes.

  Ex. Chemotherapy, radiation, and some viral infections