RTE 003 : P3 MODULE 17-23

• Cystoscopy


  Insertion of a cystoscope into the urethra to examine the urinary bladder
• VCUG


  Performed to determine the cause of repeated bladder infections
• Scrotal Ultrasound


  Use of ultrasound to assess patency of the vas deferens and other structures
• Circumcision


  Removal of all or part of the foreskin, or prepuce, of the penis
• Spermicides


  Chemically destroy sperm before they are able to enter the uterus
• The musculoskeletal system includes muscles, bones, joints, and related structures, such as the tendons and connective tissue that function in the movement of body parts and organs
• Skeletal System


  • Forms the framework of the body, protects vital organs, and works with the muscular system to produce movement
  • Human adult skeleton is composed of 206 bones
  • Divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

  
• Axial Skeleton


  • Skull
  • Spinal column
  • Ribs
  • Sternum

  
• Skull


  • Consists of eight cranial bones and the 14 bones of the face
  • Skull bones are joined by nonmoveable joints (sutures), except for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

  
• Spinal Column


  • Cervical (7)
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Lumbar (5)
  • Sacrum (5 fused)
  • Coccyx (4 to 5 fused)
• Appendicular Skeleton


  • Bones of the arms and legs, the shoulder girdle, and the pelvis
  • Each pelvic bone is formed of three fused bones, with the ilium being the large, flared, upper bone

  
• Bone Formation


  1. Gradual addition of calcium and phosphorus salts to cartilage

  2. Ossification begins before birth and continues to adulthood

  3. Bone is constantly being replaced and remodeled throughout life

  4. Osteoblasts produce bone

  5. Osteocytes are mature bone cells

  6. Osteoclasts are involved in the breakdown of bone tissue (resorption)

  
• Osteoblasts: Cells that produce bone
• There are 8 cranial bones
• Human adult skeleton is composed of 206 bones
• Tendons


  Fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
• Gluteus Maximus: Largest muscle in the human body
• Structure of a Long Bone

  • Shaft (diaphysis) composed of compact bone tissue
  • Medullary cavity containing yellow bone marrow
  • Irregular epiphysis at either end made of spongy bone tissue containing red bone marrow
  • Cartilage covering the epiphysis
  • Growth region or epiphyseal plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis
  • Periosteum covers the outside of the bone

  
• Ankylosing Spondylitis


  Chronic inflammatory disease of the spine characterized by fusion and loss of mobility of two or more vertebrae
• Ankylosis


  Stiffening and immobility of the joint due to fusion of the bones across the joint cavity; usually associated with arthritis
• Types of Bones


  • Long bones
  • Flat bones
  • Short bones
  • Irregular bones

  
• Arthralgia


  Pain in a joint
• Arthritis


  Inflammation of a joint
• Joints


  • Classified by degree of movement allowed
  • Suture - immovable joint
  • Symphysis - slightly movable joint
  • Synovial joint (diarthrosis) - freely movable joint
• Arthropathy


  Any disease of the joints
• Bursitis


  Inflammation of the bursae, usually occurring in association with arthritis
• Synovial Joints


  • Contain synovial fluid to cushion and lubricate the joint
  • Lined by synovial membrane
  • Ends of articulating bones cushioned by cartilage
  • Stabilized and strengthened by ligaments
• Chondromalacia patellae


  Condition characterized by damage to the cartilage of the kneecap, resulting in pain; most commonly found in adolescents
• Bursa


  Small sac of synovial fluid that cushions the area around a joint
• Chondrosarcoma


  A malignant tumor of cartilage
• Types of Fractures


  • Simple Fracture
  • Greenstick Fracture
  • Comminuted Fracture
  • Compound Fracture
  • Compression Fracture
  • Impacted Fracture
  • Luxation
  • Subluxation
• Muscular System


  • Ability to contract to produce movement, maintain posture, and generate body heat
  • Three types: smooth (visceral), cardiac, and skeletal
• Gouty Arthritis


  Inflammation of the joints caused by gout (a disease involving abnormal uric acid metabolism); most commonly affects the big toe
• Muscle Contraction


  1. Stimulated by motor neurons releasing acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction

  2. Actin and myosin proteins interact, requiring ATP and calcium
• Herniated Disk


  Protrusion of a vertebral disk into the center of the vertebral column, irritating the spinal nerves and causing pain
• Arthropathy


  Any disease of the joints
• Impacted Fracture


  A break in a bone in which one fragment is wedge into the other
• Kyphosis


  Increased curvature of the thoracic region of the vertebral column, leading to a humpback posture; may be caused by arthritis, poor posture, osteomalacia, or chronic respiratory disease
• Tonus


  Steady partially contracted state of a muscle to maintain posture
• Synovitis


  Inflammation of the synovial membrane