RTE 003: P3 Male/Female Reproductive System

• Urinary system


  Regulates extracellular fluids by removing harmful substances and excreting them as urine, while retaining useful products
• Structures of the urinary system

  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
• Kidneys


  • Located in the abdominal cavity slightly above the waistline, outside the peritoneum (retroperitoneal)
  • Concave medial border gives the kidney its beanlike shape
  • Renal cortex and renal medulla are the two distinct areas visible in a frontal section
  • Hilum is the opening through which the renal artery enters and the renal vein exits the kidney
• Urine formation


  1. Filtration in the renal corpuscle

  2. Reabsorption in the renal tubule

  3. Secretion in the distal and collecting tubules
• Nephron


  Microscopic structures responsible for maintaining homeostasis by regulating water, salts, glucose, urea, and other minerals in blood
• Renal corpuscle


  Composed of a tuft of capillaries called the glomerulus and Bowman capsule
• Nephroma


  Tumor arising from kidney tissue
• Nephrolithiasis


  Presence of stones in the kidneys
• Anuria


  Absence of urine formation
• Impotence


  Inability to achieve or maintain a penile erection
• Urinary Bladder


  Acts as a temporary reservoir for urine
• Cryptorchism


  Failure of one or both of the testicles to descend into the scrotum at birth
• Cystoscopy


  Insertion of a cystoscope into the urethra to examine the urinary bladder, obtain biopsies of tumors or other growths, and remove polyps
• Nephroscopy


  Examination of the inside of the kidney(s) using a specialized three-channel endoscope that enables visualization of the kidney and irrigation
• Renal tubule


  Consists of the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting tubule
• Urethroscopy


  Visual examination of the urethra, typically for lithotripsy or TURP
• Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)


  Screening test that assesses the rectal wall surface for lesions or abnormally firm areas that might indicate cancer
• Electromyography


  Measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra
• Testicular self-examination (TSE)


  Self-examination of the testes for abnormal lumps or swellings in the scrotal sac
• Glomerulus


  Renal corpuscle is composed of a tuft of capillaries
• Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)


  Test that determines the amount of urea nitrogen, a waste product of protein metabolism, present in a blood sample
• Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)

  Test that determines the causative organism of a disease and how the organism responds to various antibiotics
• Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)


  Blood test used to detect prostatic disorders, especially prostatic cancer
• Semen Analysis


  Test that analyzes a semen sample for volume, sperm count, motility, and morphology to evaluate fertility or verify sterilization after a vasectomy
• Urinalysis (UA)


  Battery of tests performed on a urine specimen, including physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
• Cystography


  Radiographic examination of the urinary bladder using a contrast medium
• Urine is drained from the renal pelvis and carried by the ureter to the urinary bladder
• Cystometrography


  Procedure that assesses volume and pressure in the bladder at varying stages of filling using saline and a contrast medium introduced into the bladder through a catheter
• Trigone


  A triangular area at the base of the bladder
• Cystourethrography


  Radiographic evaluation of the urinary bladder and urethra after administration of a contrast medium
• Kidney, Ureter, Bladder (KUB) Radiography


  Radiographic examination to determine the location, size, and shape of the kidneys in relationship to other organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
• Pyelography


  Radiographic examination of the ureters and renal pelvis
• Computed Tomography (CT) Scan

  Imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
• Nuclear Scan, Renal


  Test used to evaluate blood flow, structure, and functions of the kidneys after I.V. injection of a mildly radioactive substance
• Scrotal Ultrasound


  Use of ultrasound to assess patency of the vas deferens and other structures
• The female urethra is short (4 cm; 1.5 in) and carries only urine, while the male urethra is longer (20 cm; 8 in) and carries both urine and semen
• Dialysis


  Passage of a solute through a membrane
• Lithotripsy


  Procedure for eliminating a stone within the urinary system or gallbladder by mechanically crushing the stone through a surgical incision or using a noninvasive method such as ultrasonic shockwaves to shatter
• Circumcision


  Removal of all or part of the foreskin, or prepuce, of the penis
• Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)


  Removal of a stone from the kidney through a very small incision in the skin