Review on Concepts: Units 2, Units 8, Units 1

• Alpha Waves


  the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

  
• non-REM sleep


  Sleep stages 1 through 4, which are marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, relatively little dreaming, and varied EEG activity.
• Night Terrors


  a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during REM 3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
• Sleep Apnea


  a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
• Narcolepsy


  A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
• delta waves


  the large, slow brain waves associated with DEEP SLEEP (D for Deep Sleep)
• REM sleep


  Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
• Sleep spindles


  Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep.
• somnambulism


  sleepwalking
• NREM-1


  Brief, near waking sleep with irregular brain waves we enter; hallucinations (such as falling/floating) may occur.
• NREM-2


  We spend half our sleep time in this stage, characterized by sleep spindles (bursts of rhythmic brain waves)
• NREM-3


  Deep sleep in which large, slow delta waves are emitted
• REM


  Described as a sleep stage because of internal arousal but external calm (near paralysis). Includes most dreaming and lengthens as the night goes on.
• Free Association


  a basic process in psychoanalysis and other forms of psychodynamic psychotherapy, in which the patient is encouraged to verbalize without censorship or selection whatever thoughts come to mind, no matter how embarrassing, illogical, or irrelevant.
• Resistance


   a client's unwillingness to grow and change within therapy or treatment
• Transference


   a person transferring their feelings about someone else onto their therapist
• Client-Centered Therapy


  a non-directive form of talk therapy where you act as an equal partner in the therapy process while your therapist remains non-directive—they don't pass judgment on your feelings or offer suggestions or solutions.
• Active Listening


  a psychotherapeutic technique in which the therapist listens to a client closely, asking questions as needed, in order to fully understand the content of the message and the depth of the client’s emotion. 
• Systematic Desensitization 


  a form of behavior therapy in which counterconditioning is used to reduce anxiety associated with a particular stimulus
• Aversive Conditioning (Counter Conditioning)


  It is a psychological treatment that pairs a negative behavior or habit with a negative stimulus.
• Token Economy


  Rewards good behavior with tokens that can be exchanged for something desired. A token can be a chip, coin, star, sticker, or something that can be exchanged for what the student wants to buy.
• Rational-Emotive Therapy


  a form of psychotherapy that helps you identify self-defeating thoughts and feelings, challenge the nature of irrational and unproductive feelings, and replace them with healthier, more productive beliefs
• Cognitive-Behavioral


  a structured, goal-oriented type of talk therapy
• Biological Psychology


  Examines the biological bases of behavior and mental processes. It investigates how genetics, neurochemistry, brain structures, and physiological processes influence thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
• Social Psychology


  Studies how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts. It explores topics such as social influence, conformity, prejudice, interpersonal relationships, and group dynamics.
• Humanistic Psychology


  Emphasizes the inherent goodness and potential for growth in individuals. It focuses on self-awareness, self-actualization, and personal responsibility for one's own choices and actions.
• Behaviorism


  Focuses on observable behaviors and the relationships between stimuli and responses. It emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior and suggests that behavior can be learned through conditioning.
• Functionalism


  Explores how mental processes and behaviors function to help individuals adapt to their environments. It emphasizes the purpose of behavior and mental states in achieving goals and survival.
• Psychoanalysis


  Developed by Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior. It explores how early childhood experiences, desires, and conflicts shape personality and psychological functioning.
• Cognitive Psychology


  Investigates mental processes such as perception, memory, problem-solving, and language. It examines how individuals acquire, process, store, and use information to understand and interact with the world.
• EEG


  Measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp. It is often used to diagnose epilepsy, study sleep patterns, and investigate brainwave patterns associated with different states of consciousness and cognitive processes.
• MRI


  Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of the brain's structure. Valuable for identifying abnormalities such as tumors, lesions, and structural changes in the brain. It is also used in research to study brain anatomy and function.
• fMRI


  Measures changes in blood flow and oxygenation in the brain, providing information about brain activity in real-time. Used to map brain regions involved in specific tasks or cognitive processes, such as language, memory, and emotion.
• PET


  Involves injecting a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream, which is then detected by a scanner to create images of brain activity. Scans are used to study brain metabolism, neurotransmitter activity, and blood flow. They are particularly useful in diagnosing neurological disorders and researching the neurochemical basis of behavior.
• CT


  ses X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the brain's structure. Scans are valuable for detecting abnormalities such as hemorrhages, strokes, and traumatic brain injuries. They are often used in emergency medicine and neurosurgery.