t3

• hydraulic action is when waves crash against rocks and compress the air in the cracks
• abrasion is when eroded particles in the water scrape and rub against the rock (cliff) removing small pieces
• attrition is when eroded particles in the water smash into eachother and break into smaller pieces. their edges get rounded off as they bash eachother
• solution is when weak carbonic acid in seawater dissolves rock like chalk and limestone
• constructive waves are associated with light winds and short fetches. the waves have less energy and encourage deposition. they are low in height and widely spaced, breaking gently between 6-9 waves per minute. the swash is stronger than the backwash, so more material is carried up the beach.
• destructive waves are formed by strong winds that have blown over long fetches. these waves are powerful and cause coastal erosion. they are tall and steep, they are closely spaced and break 11-15 waves per minute. the backwash is much stronger than the swash, pebbles and sand are carried back out to sea
• fetch is the distance over which the wind has blown
• swash is the water that surges up the beach until is runs out of energy
• backwash is the water that runs back down the beach under gravity
• landforms are features on the earths surface that are part of the landscapes
• dense means a lot of people living in an area
• sparse means not a lot of people living in an area
• population is the number of people living in an area
• population density is the average number of people per km2
• population distribution is how spread out a population is over an area
• overpopulation is when there is an excessive number of people in a country
• migration is the movement of people from one country to another
• life expectancy is the average number of years a person in a country is expected to live.
• population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population
• factors affecting population include climate (crops need a wet and warm place to grow), transportation (need to have access to transport), topography (flatter land is easier to build on, causing denser populations) and job opportunities (people move to countries for better jobs)
• china's one child policy was introduces in 1979 to slow down population growth

  
  

  positives: parents with 1 child are issued with a certificate, free loans and longer maternity leave. women are encouraged to have an education and 400 million births were prevented (government wouldnt be able to sustain)

  
  

  negatives: parents who didnt follow the policy were issued with fines - if unable to pay, house could get confiscated. more male babies born then females due to cultural preferences and abortions for females increased
• rural - countryside
• urban - cities
• rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside to the city
• pull factors for rural urban migration include higher wages, good healthcare facilities, better educational facilities, better housing conditions and entertainment/leisure activities
• push factors for rural urban migration include lack of employment, poor healthcare facilities, low wages, no schools or colleges and bad housing conditions
• push factor is the reason someone moves away from a particular place.
• pull factor is the reason that makes someone attracted to a particular place
• weather is the state of the atmosphere (how warm or wet it is) at a given point in time
• climate is the what the weather in a place is usually like. this is an average - generally taken over 30 years
• precipitation is water falling from the sky in any form (rain, hail, sleet or snow)
• 1. temperature is measured by a thermometer
  2. wind speed is measured by an anemometer
  3. precipitation is measured by a rain gauge
  4. air pressure is measured by a barometer
  5. wind direction is measured by a wind vane
• the water cycle starts off by the water from lakes and oceans evaporating. condensation then takes place and eventually causes precipitation. infiltration takes place by water soaking through the soil and rock. water is then stored into plants (transpiration). precolation takes place and the water on the ground enters the ground. this process in repeated
• Formation of caves, arches, stacks and stumps

  1. Headland with erosion processes like hydraulic action and abrasion

  2. Cracks and lines of weakness form

  3. Erosion creates small cave

  4. Cave becomes wider and deeper

  5. Sea cuts through cave to form arch

  6. Arch grows wider as base erodes

  7. Arch roof collapses, creating a stack

  8. Stack becomes undercut and collapses, leaving a stump
• Longshore drift


  1. Transportation of beach materials such as sand, shingle and pebbles along the length of the beach

  2. Prevailing wind direction forces waves onto the beach through swash

  3. Waves pick up sediment off the beach and drag it back into the sea through backwash

  4. Swash and backwash continue along the beach
• Headland


  A cliff that sticks out into the sea and is surrounded by water on three sides, made of hard or resistant rock
• Bay


  A crescent-shaped indentation in the coastline typically found between two headlands, made of less resistant rock that is more easily eroded
• Formation of headlands and bays

  1. Start with a discordant coastline (alternating bands of less resistant and more resistant rock)

  2. Waves approach the discordant coastline, eroding less resistant rock more easily

  3. Last resistant rock retreats further back inland, creating bays

  4. More resistant rock areas stick out as headlands, less resistant areas set back as bays

  5. Deposition occurs in the sheltered bay areas, forming beaches