ethics prefi

• Meta-ethics is the branch of ethics that studies the nature of morality.
• Cognitivism states that moral judgments convey propositions, that is, they are 'truth bearers,' or they are either true or false.
• Moral realism claims that the existence of moral facts and the truth (or falsity) of moral judgments are independent of people's thoughts and perceptions.
• Ethical subjectivism, on the other hand, holds that the truth (or falsity) of ethical propositions are dependent on the attitudes or standards of a person or group of persons.
• o Subjectivism is obviously contrary to moral realism.
• Non-cognitivism denies that moral judgments are either true or false. It claims that ethical sentences do not convey authentic propositions, hence are neither true nor false.
• Emotivism is the most popular form of non-cognitivist theory. It submits that moral judgments are mere expressions of our emotions and feelings.
• Like exclamatory sentences, ethical sentences cannot be said to be either true or false according to the theory.
• Moral universalism theorizes that moral facts and principles apply to everybody in all places.
• moral universalism is also called objectivism
• Moral relativism submits that different moral facts and principles apply to different persons or group of individuals.
• Moral empiricism is a meta-ethical stance which states that moral facts are known through observation and experience.
• · Moral rationalism contends that moral facts and principles are knowable a priori, that is, by reason alone and without reference to experience.
• Moral intuitionism submits that moral truths are knowable by intuition, that is, by immediate, instinctive knowledge without reference to any evidence.
• Normative ethics is the branch of ethics that studies how man ought to act, morally speaking a
• Deontology is an ethical system that bases morality on independent moral rules or duties.
• deon is a greekword which means duty
• Teleology refers to a moral system that determines the moral value of actions by their outcomes or results.
• telos which means end
• Virtue ethics, as a moral system, emphasizes developing good habits of character, like kindness and generosity, and avoiding bad character traits, or vices, such as greed or hatred.
• Applied Ethics philosophically examines specific, controversial moral issues. Using philosophical methods, this area of concern in Ethics attempts to determine the ethically correct course of action in specific realms of human action.
• Bioethics. This concerns with ethical issues about life, biomedical researches, medicines, health care, and the medical profession.
• Environmental ethics. It deals with moral issues concerning nature, ecosystem, and its nonhuman contents. 
• Business ethics. It examines moral principles concerning the business environment, which involves issues about corporate practices, policies, business behaviors, and the conducts and relationships of individuals in the organizations.
• Sexual ethics. It studies moral issues about sexuality and human sexual behavior.
• Social ethics. It deals with what is right for a society to do and how it should act as a whole.
• Virtue Ethics is a moral philosophy that teaches that an action is right if it is an action that a virtuous person would perform in the same situations.
• Aristotle's work that concerns morality are; the Eudemian Ethics and the Nicomachean Ethics.
• Aristotle's view is also of a type known as eudaimonistic. As such, it focuses on happiness (eudaimonia), or the good for man, and how to obtain it.
• his moral philosophy is aretoic, or virtue-based.
• Happiness and Virtues. Aristotle believed that the ultimate human goal is self-realization.
• Virtue as Habit Aristotle's idea of happiness should also be understood in the sense of human flourishing
• The Natural Law. Central also in Aquinas ethics is his typology of laws. By the term 'law,' he means an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by someone who has care of the community.
• IThomas Aquinas’ Ethics Also called the Angelic Doctor and the Prince of Scholastics
• eternal law refers to the rational plan of God by which all creation is ordered. As God is the supreme ruler of everything
• natural law is that aspect of the eternal law which is accessible to human reason
• human law refers to the positive laws. For natural law to be adhered to, more exact and forceful provisions of human law are helpful.
• divine law serves to complement the other types of law.
• Goodwill. Kant believes that when we wish to determine the moral status of an action, we consult reason.
• In law, Immanuel Kant proposed the principle of rights. He saw a distinctive correlation, yet difference, between the intent of the law and the enforcement of law.