Elizabeth I

• Parliament

  • grant taxation
  • make laws - 438 passed = Act of Supremacy 1559
  • Cecil active in preparing Bills
  • challenge royal prerogatives - Peter Wentworth in 1593 = freedom of speech and succession
  • debates over monopolies = compromise = Golden Speech 1601
• Council: Faction

  • marriage - Charles of Austria 1567 and Duke of Alencon 1579 = Cecil for
  • Mary - Bond of Association; pressure to execute Mary
  • Foreign Policy
  • weaknesses: force Burghley to continue; key ministers died; failed to replace them quicker; Essex Rebellion 1601 = failed
  • limits to faction - protect queen, establish protestantism, intervene in Scotland, Queen should marry
• Finances

  • ordinary revenue = sold crown lands but declined income
  • taxation not effective
  • avoiding costly wars - Spain
• Local government

  • JPs = dual role; more duties
  • Lord Lieutenants = raised money, men, not used after Northumberland's fall
  • Councils = Wales; North - more power