ITERA#2

• Computer is a programmable machine
• Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data
• Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions (program)
• Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations
• Three principal characteristics of computer

  • It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner
  • It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions
  • It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data
• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century
• Tally stick


  An ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages
• Abacus


  A mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. Invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. and first used in China in around 500 B.C. Used to perform basic arithmetic operations
• Napier's Bones


  Invented by John Napier in 1614. Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards
• Slide Rule


  Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. Based on Napier's ideas about logarithms. Used primarily for multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, and trigonometry. Not normally used for addition or subtraction
• Pascaline


  Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. Limited to addition and subtraction. Too expensive
• Stepped Reckoner


  Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. A machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically
• Jacquard Loom


  A mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. An automatic loom controlled by punched cards
• Arithmometer


  A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820. The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine that could perform the four basic mathematic functions. The first mass-produced calculating machine
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine


  Automatic, mechanical calculators designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834. The first mechanical computer
• First Computer Programmer

  In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. She writes programs for the Analytical Engine
• Scheutzian Calculation Engine


  Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine
• Tabulating Machine


  Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. To assist in summarizing information and accounting. The first printing calculator
• Harvard Mark 1


  Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC). Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943. The first electro-mechanical computer
• Z1


  The first programmable computer. Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)


  The first electronic digital computing device. Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942
• ENIAC


  ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was the first electronic general-purpose computer. Completed in 1946. Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
• UNIVAC 1


  The first commercial computer. Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
• EDVAC


  EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer. The First Stored Program Computer. Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data
• Osborne 1

  the first portable computer. Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation
• Electronic Controls Company


  The first computer company founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
• Four Stages of Information Technology Development

  • Premechanical (3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.)
  • Mechanical (1450 - 1840)
  • Electromechanical (1840 - 1940)
  • Electronic (1940 - present)
• Pre-Mechanical Age: 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.


  • Writing and Alphabets-communication
  • Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices
  • The First Numbering Systems
  • The First Calculators: The Abacus
• Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840


  • The First Information Explosion
  • Calculating Machine
  • Pascaline
  • Babbage's Engines
• Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940


  • Morse Code: 1835
  • Telephone and Radio: 1876
  • Comptograph: 1885
  • Punch Card: 1890
• Electronic Age: 1941 - Present


  • Z1: 1941
  • Mark I: 1942
  • ABC Computer: 1942
• Generations of Computer

  • First generation - 1946 to 1958
  • Second generation - 1959 to 1964
  • Third generation - 1965 to 1970
  • Fourth generation - 1971 to Today
  • Fifth generation - Today to future
• The development of the integrated circuit was a milestone in the third generation of computers
• First generation computers


  • Used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory
  • Were often enormous, taking up entire rooms
  • Were very expensive to operate
  • Used a great deal of electricity
  • Generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions
• Second generation computers


  • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
  • One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes
  • Allowed computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable
  • Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer
• Third generation computers

  • Development of the integrated circuit
  • Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors
  • Drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers
  • Could carry out instructions in billionths of a second
  • Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second-generation computers
• Fourth generation computers

  • The microprocessor brought the fourth generation
  • Thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip
  • Became more powerful and could be linked together to form networks
  • Led to the development of the Internet
• Fifth generation computers


  • Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  • Still in development
  • Use of parallel processing and superconductors
  • Aim to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization
  • Some applications like voice recognition are being used today
• Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives

  • Business
  • Education
  • Healthcare
  • Retail and Trade
  • Government
  • Marketing
  • Science
  • Publishing
  • Arts and Entertainment
  • Communication
  • Banking and Finance
  • Transport
  • Navigation
  • Working From Home
  • Military
  • Social and Romance
  • Booking Vacations
  • Security and Surveillance
  • Weather Forecasting
  • Robotics