lesson 2

• How well do you know about

  Respiratory System?

  • Respiratory systems provide for the exchange of O2 and the

  waste product CO2 between an animal and its environment.

  • Gas exchange
  • Human and other animals – lungs
  • Plants- in the leaf –occurs through pores called stomata
• Enumerate the three phases

  of gas exchange.

  Breathing

  Transport

  Exchange
• Mechanisms of Gas Exchange (Three Phases)

  Respiration or the interchange of O2 and CO2

  3 phases which use digested food to produce

  work

  • Breathing exposes large, moist internal

  surface to air

  • O2 diffuses from lungs into blood vessels

  and CO2 in reverse

  Exhalation removes CO2from body

  • Transport of gases by circulatory system

  • O2 attaches to hemoglobin in RBC’s

  • Red vessels = O2

  from lungs, blue vessels

  = CO2

  from tissues

  • Body cells take up O2

  from blood and

  release CO2

  into it

  • Important for cellular respiration
• Mechanisms of Gas Exchange (Three Phases)

  • Breathing exposes large, moist internal surface to air

  1. O2 diffuses from lungs into blood vessels and CO2in reverse
  2. Exhalation removes CO2 from body
• Mechanisms of Gas Exchange (Three Phases)

  • Transport of gases by circulatory system

  O2 attaches to hemoglobin in RBC’s

  Red vessels = O2 from lungs, blue vessels = CO2 from tissues
• Mechanisms of Gas Exchange (Three Phases)

  • Body cells take up O2 from blood and release CO2 into it
• Gas Exchange in Plants

  Stomata

   The exchange of oxygen and

  carbon dioxide in the leaf (and

  the loss of water vapor in

  transpiration)

   Pore of the leaf

  Lenticels

   non-suberized pores

   These enable oxygen to reach

  the intercellular spaces of the

  interior tissues and carbon

  dioxide to be released into the

  atmosphere.
• 3 different ways to breathe

  • Human lungs
  • bird lungs
  • grasshopper trachea lungs
• How does animals sustain

  life?

  Animal must acquire the following:

  • exchange gases
  • dispose of waste products
• In most animals, these

  functions are facilitated

  by ___________________

  Circulatory system.

  • The circulatory system delivers oxygen and

  nutrients to cells and takes away wastes
• Circulatory System

  • Transport system

  connect the organs of

  exchange with the body

  cells

  • Circulatory system

  contributes to gas

  exchange and nutrient

  dissemination and also

  waste removal.

  • Heart- pumping organ
• What organ involved in

  circulatory system?

  Heart

  Blood Vessels

  Blood
• What are the functions of the

  Heart?

  Generating blood pressure

  Routing blood

  -Heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations

  Ensuring one-way blood flow

  -Heart valves ensure one-way flow

  Regulating blood supply

  -Changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery

  to changing metabolic needs
• Cardiovascular System

  •Three Major Elements – Heart,

  Blood Vessels, & Blood

  •1. The Heart- cardiac muscle tissue

  •highly interconnected cells

  FOUR CHAMBERS

  •Right atrium

  •Right ventricle

  •Left atrium

  •Left ventricle
• Cardiac Cycle

  • Heart is two pumps that work

  together, right and left half

  • Repetitive contraction (systole)

  and relaxation (diastole) of heart

  chambers

  • Blood moves through circulatory

  system from areas of higher to

  lower pressure.

  • Contraction of heart produces

  the pressure
• 2. Blood Vessels -A network of tubes

  •ARTERIES arterioles move away from the heart

  •Elastic Fibers

  •Circular Smooth Muscle

  •CAPILLARIES – where gas exchange takes place.

  •One cell thick

  •Serves the Respiratory System

  •VEINS Venules moves towards the heart

  •Skeletal Muscles contract to force blood

  back from legs

  •One way values

  •When they break - varicose veins form
• 3. Blood (Red Blood Cell)

  Animation of a typical human red blood cell in the circulatory system. This animation occurs at a faster rate (20 seconds of the average 60 second cycle) and shows the red blood cell deforming as it enters capillaries, as well as the bars changing color as the cell alternates in states of oxygenation along the circulatory system.
• What are the four components

  of blood?

   Plasma: the liquid portion.

   Red blood cells.

   White blood cells.

   Platelets.
• Four Components of Blood

  • Blood is made up of four major

  components. What do each of

  these do?

  – Plasma: the liquid portion.

  – Red blood cells.

  – White cells.

  – Platelets.
• Four Components of Blood

  1. Plasma

  Liquid portion of the blood.

  Contains clotting factors,

  hormones, antibodies,

  dissolved gases, nutrients

  and waste
• Four Components of Blood

  2. Erythrocytes - Red Blood

  Cells

  •Carry hemoglobin and

  oxygen. Do not have a

  nucleus and live only about

  120 days.

  •Can not repair themselves.
• Four Components of Blood

  3. Leukocytes – White

  Blood cells

  •Fight infection and

  are formed in the

  bone marrow

  •Five types –

  neutrophils,

  lymphocytes,

  eosinophils, basophils,

  and monocytes.
• Four Components of Blood

  •4. Thrombocytes – Platelets.

  •These are cell fragment that are

  formed in the bone marrow

  from magakaryocytes.

  •Clot Blood by sticking together

  – via protein fibers called fibrin.
• What are disorders of the

  Circulatory System?

   Anemia - lack of iron in the blood, low RBC count

   Leukemia - white blood cells proliferate wildly, causing anemia

   Hemophilia - bleeder’s disease, due to lack of fibrinogen in

  thrombocytes

   Heart Murmur - abnormal heart beat, caused by valve problems

   Heart attack - blood vessels around the heart become blocked with

  plaque, also called myocardial infarction
• Circulatory Systems in Animals

  • Animals that have a circulatory

  system have one of two kinds:

  – Open: fluid is circulated through an

  open body chamber.

  – Closed: fluid is circulated through

  blood vessels.
• Circulatory Systems in Animals

  The open circulatory system of a grasshopper

  1. Open circulatory systems

   fluid is pumped through open-

  ended vessels and flows out

  among the tissues.

   An insect, such as the

  grasshopper pumping of the

  tubular heart, drives body fluid into

  the head and the rest of the body.

  When the heart relaxes, fluid

  enters through several pores. Each

  pore has a valve that closes when

  the heart contracts, preventing

  backflow of the circulating fluid.
• Circulatory Systems in Animals

  2. Closed systems:

   vessels performs the

  transportation and prevents blood from coming

  into direct contact with the body’s cells

  Three types of vessels move blood within

  closed systems:

   Arteries carry blood away from the heart to

  the organs and tissues of the body.

   Veins carry blood from the organs and

  tissues back to the heart.

   Capillaries are fine networks of vessels

  that connect arteries and veins within each

  tissue.
• What type of circulatory

  system is human?

  Humans have a closed circulatory system, typical

  of all vertebrates, in which blood is confined to

  vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid.

  The heart pumps blood into large vessels

  that branch into smaller ones leading into the

  organs.
• Circulatory Systems in Plants

  Plant transport involves :

  • water absorption

  through the roots and

  • up and down movement

  of substances in the

  phloem.