Topic 2-Organisation

• which type of cancer does ultraviolet radiation increase the risk of?

  Skin cancer
• what is the role of white blood cells in blood?

  They form part of the immune system, which protects the body from invading pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses
• what do we call the test for proteins?

  Biuret test
• what are the two main roles of the digestive system?Describe each

  1)Digestion-process of breaking down large food molecules into smaller molecules

  2)Absorption-process of absorbing these small food molecules into the body
• what is the approximate value of the natural resting heart rate?

  70 beats per min
• what is the advantage of having a ‘double’ circulatory system?

  It makes the circulatory system more efficient. The blood loses a lot of pressure as it passes through the lungs, so by returning to the heart, the pressure can be increased again before it passes around the body. This allows blood to move around the body more quickly.
• proteins are mainly made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and which other element?

  Nitrogen
• what is the role of fibre?

  Fibre helps food to move through our intestines and help prevent diarrhoea or constipation
• Give two reasons why blood clotting is important when we are cut

  1)It prevents blood from leaving the bloodstream

  2) it prevents microorganisms from entering the bloodstream (which could cause infection)
• state and explain 3 factors that affect how much energy a person requires each day

  1)Activity level- the more active you are the more energy you need

  2)Age- teenagers often need a lot of energy because they’re growing whereas elderly people usually need less

  3)Pregnancy-pregnant woman need more energy because the baby growing inside them requires a lot of energy
• In context of disease, what is a risk factor?

  A risk factor is something that increases the chance of developing a disease
• Which organs in the body produce protease enzymes?

  1)Stomach

  2)Pancreas

  3)Small intestine
• What is a catalyst?

  A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
• Which substances which are nutrients exchange between the blood in the capillaries and the body tissues?

  Amino acids

  Glucose
• Which substances are waste products that are exchanged between the blood in the capillaries and the body tissue?

  Urea

  Carbon dioxide
• Which substances are exchanged between the blood in the capillaries and the body tissues?

  Carbon dioxide

  Glucose

  Urea

  Oxygen
• How do antibodies help defend against pathogens?

  They bind to pathogens and help immune cells destroy them
• What makes up the cardiovascular system?

  Blood vessels

  Heart

  Blood
• Coronary heart disease


  1)Coronary arteries branch out of the aorta and supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

  2)In coronary heart disease, layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries causing the lumen to get narrower

  3)This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries resulting in a lack of oxygen and nutrients for the heart muscle

  4)This can cause chest pain as the heart muscle is starved of oxygen and in severe cases can cause a heart attack
• how does extent help treat coronary heart disease?

  it expands within the artery to widen the lumen
• What are the benefits of stents when treating coronary artery disease?

  1)Surgery is quick

  2)The stents can last a long time

  3)The stents have an almost immediate effect
• What are the disadvantages of statins when treating coronary artery disease?

  1)They have side effects such as kidney failure and headaches

  2)It can take months to see the positive effects

  3)The pills have to be taken every day
• What are two problems that may be caused by faulty heart valves?

  Not enough blood can pass through the valve

  Blood can pass backwards through the valve
• What is the role of the immune system?

  To detect and destroy pathogens
• What is bronchitis?

  Inflammation of airways in the lungs
• Which diseases are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

  Emphysema

  Bronchitis
• True or false? In people with emphysema, the alveoli are damaged

  True
• Which type of tumour is contained within one area usually within a membrane?

  Benign
• The leaf is an example of an?

  Organ structure
• The palisade mesothelioma layer is an example of a?

  Tissue
• The upper epidermis is transparent so that light can pass through it. This means that as much light as possible can reach the palisade mesophyll cells below, and be used in photosynthesis.
• Which structures help to minimise water loss?

  Guard cells which can close stomata

  Waxy cuticle
• If there is plenty of water in the leaf, guard cells become turgid which opens the stomota. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaf but also allows water to escape.
• At night time when photosynthesis can’t take place are the stomata normally open or closed?

  Closed- At night time there is no light for photosynthesis so plants don’t need o absorb carbon dioxide. This means they can close their stomata and conserve water
• What is the meristem tissue and where is it found?

  Meristem tissue is made up of plants stems cells. It’s found in the growing parts of the plant such as the tips of shoots and roots
• Which part of the plant is glucose produced in?

  Leaves- They carry out photosynthesis and produce glucose
• What do we call the movement of cell sap (a mixture sugar and water) up and down the plant?

  Translocation
• Phloem cells have pores in their end walls to allow cell sap to pass along the phloem tube
• What does the xylem transport in a plant?

  Water and dissolved mineral ions
• How do root hair cells absorb water from the soil?

  Osmosis