Other Physio Quiz

• Blood


  Made up of multiple components: red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets
• Components of blood


  • Plasma (55%)
  • Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (45%)
• Plasma


  Mainly water, transports nutrients, waste, hormones, enzymes, salts, has proteins that aid clotting and fight infection
• Red blood cells


  • Produced in bone marrow, contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen, no nucleus or organelles, life cycle of 120 days, recycled in liver and spleen, surface proteins determine blood type
• Anemia


  Condition where red blood cells cannot transport enough oxygen, can be due to low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin (often from iron deficiency), or sickle cell anemia
• Platelets


  • Cell fragments produced in bone marrow, role in blood clotting
• Hemophilia


  Condition where blood does not clot properly due to platelet dysfunction
• White blood cells


  • Produced and matured in bone marrow and thymus, circulate to fight pathogens and foreign substances
• Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death for both men and women in the United States
• Cardiovascular disease occurrence has been on the rise since World War II
• Cardiovascular disease


  Includes heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease
• Atherosclerosis


  Hardening and narrowing of arteries due to buildup of plaque
• Atherosclerosis formation


  1. Artery damage (high blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes)

  2. Cholesterol (LDL) enters artery lining

  3. Macrophages turn into foam cells and release inflammatory molecules

  4. Plaque buildup restricts blood flow
• Plaque buildup in arteries


  Can cause heart attacks, strokes, or peripheral vascular disease
• Causes of atherosclerosis include high cholesterol, high blood pressure, obesity, smoking, stress, lack of exercise
• Plaque rupturing


  Pieces of plaque fall off and get stuck in small capillaries, causing blockage
• Plaque blockage in coronary artery

  Causes heart attack by restricting oxygen supply to heart muscle
• Causes of atherosclerosis


  • High cholesterol
  • High blood pressure
  • Obesity
  • Smoking
  • Stress
  • Lack of exercise
• Atherosclerosis is preventable but not reversible once plaques have built up
• Heart attack (myocardial infarction)

  Blockage of coronary artery restricts blood flow and oxygen supply to heart muscle, causing cell death or damage
• Heart disease is the leading cause of natural death in the US
• Sudden cardiac death


  Caused by electrical malfunction, leading to abnormal heart rhythm and inability to pump blood, resulting in death within minutes
• Automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) can help save lives during sudden cardiac arrest
• Ischemic stroke


  Caused by blood clot blocking cerebral artery, leading to lack of oxygen supply and brain cell damage
• Hemorrhagic stroke


  Caused by artery in brain leaking or rupturing, often due to uncontrolled hypertension or cerebral aneurysm
• TPA is a clot-busting drug that can dissolve blood clots if given within a few hours of an ischemic stroke
• TPA should not be given for a hemorrhagic stroke as it could worsen bleeding
• Treatments for heart attacks and strokes

  • CPR
  • AED
  • Clot-busting drugs (TPA)
  • Cholesterol-lowering statins
  • Bypass surgery
  • Angioplasty and stents
  • Carotid endarterectomy
• Coronary artery bypass surgery

  1. Find clogged artery

  2. Reroute blood flow using artery from patient's own body
• Angioplasty and stent insertion


  1. Insert balloon catheter

  2. Expand balloon to open artery

  3. Leave stent in place to keep artery open
• Carotid endarterectomy


  1. Identify plaque in carotid artery

  2. Cut artery and remove plaque
• Cardiovascular health can be managed by healthy lifestyle choices like diet, exercise, and not smoking
• Controlling risk factors like high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes can also help prevent cardiovascular disease
• Cardiovascular disease is a lifelong, cumulative process that can be slowed or prevented through proactive health management
• nemophila - deficiency of clotting factors