Paper 2

• Urbanisation definition

  The increase in the proportion of people living in cities, resulting in their growth.

  Urban Pop increases 1.5 million every week
• natural increase


  birth rate minus death rate

  Occurs in younger pop
• Formal Economy


  The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product; as opposed to an informal economy
• informal economy


  Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy
• CBD (central business district)


  The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.
• inner city


  the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city

  Mills and factories undergoing regeneration
• Inner & outer suburbs

  Residential, more affluent
• Rural-urban fringe


  A zone of transition between the built-up area and the countryside, where there is often competition for land use. It is a zone of mixed land uses, from out of town shopping centres and golf courses to farmland and motorways.
• Manchester national importance


  Premier football teams

  2nd largest urban area in uk

  Economic growth above national avg past decade

  3 unis & 75k students

  5% uk's wealth
• Manchester international importance


  Centre of Industrial Revolution

  Global sporting events - 2019 cricket World Cup

  23m passengers at international airpor
• Manchesters opportunities


  Wide variety of jobs over multiple employment sectors

  3 unis

  China town, gay village, curry mile in rusholme

  Bee line

  Piccadilly gardens

  Pedestrianised
• South Asian immigrants

  10%
• Ira bomb


  1996

  Billions spent for improving

  Large events for investment
• Brownfield site


  Land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits some new use. Commonly in the inner city

  74% greater Manchester

  Not match local architecture, need to be cleared, utilities
• Greenfield site


  A plot of land, often in a rural or on the edge of an urban area that has not yet been subject to any building development.

  Increase urban sprawl
• waste disposal


  Increased pests, pressure on council, inc pop = more waste

  7% inc in recycling since 2014, goal recy 60% by 2025, variety of bins
• Commuter settlements


  Towns where a significant proportion of residents work elsewhere.
• DTM


  Demographic Transition Model, shows changes in birth rates, death rates and population growth as a country changes
• DTM Stage One


  hunting and gathering society, in which a society has a low total population with fluctuations in both the birth and death rates. When the birth rates are high the death rates are low & vice versa. Example: No countries in this stage.
• DTM Stage 2


  rapid populatoin growth: high birth rates & declining death rates
• Dtm stage 3


  Rapid decrease br

  Levelled off & low dr

  Height natural increase
• Dtm stage 4


  Low fluctuating dr & br

  Low natural increase
• DTM Stage 5: Declining Growth


  - At this stage both rates remain relatively low, but death rate is now higher than birth rat.

  - Total population is still high, but starting to decline, due to birth falling below death rates
• Dependancy Ratio


  The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compares to the number of people active in the labor force.
• Causes of uneven development

  Physical- Areas like Africa are landlocked and have no access to sea or ports to trade

  Economic- Poverty causes poverty, low life expectancy, illness and no nutrients make an economy hard to achieve

  Historical- Since European colonies gained independence there was civil wars
• Consequences of uneven development

  Disparities in wealth and health, international migration

  35% wealth held in n America

  Malaria & tuberculosis 33% of deaths in LICs

  HICs 70% deaths aged over 70, 20% in LICs
• Poverty cycle


  any circular chain of events starting and ending in poverty, such as low income means low savings means low investment means low growth means low incomes.
• why uneven development leads to international migration

  People want to move to richer countries where they can enjoy and improve standard of living migration from poorer countries in the EU like Bulgaria and Romania is due to high rates of unemployment and the wages are higher in other countries not all push factors will have been solved or removed
• sustainable development


  Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• The UK began to urbanise in the late 1800s when lots of people moved from farms in the countryside into cities to work in the cotton and textiles industries
• improving transport infrastructure allows people to commute into cities to work from further away. Crossrail will allow more people to commute into London from further away and the HS2 high-speed rail project theoretically expands the number of people who can commute into London massively.
• push factors affecting rural-urban migration

  War

  Desertification

  Automation of jobs

  Natural disasters
• In 2010, the adult literacy rate of people living in Lagos was 92%. In some rural states, the adult literacy rate was as low as 14% and it was 57% on average in Nigeria
• Population of Lagos


  around 20 million
• Only around 70% have daily access to clean water in Lagos.
• There are 1 million cars in Lagos
• Lagos has 3 times as much air pollution that what is deemed as healthy
• The Olusosun landfill site is the largest dump in Africa. 10k tons of rubbish is put in the ground there each day
• • In 2016, the World Bank found that 67% of people living in Nigeria lived in slums.
• In 2019, Nigerian startups raised $600 million in investor funding. This is 50% of all the startup investment in Africa and most of this funding was negotiated in Nigerian cities