Psychology 🧠

• What are ethical guidelines in psychological research?

  Codes of practice for research conduct
• Why are ethical guidelines important in research?

  They help determine right and wrong practices
• How many human research ethics committees are there in Australia?

  More than 200
• What is the role of human research ethics committees?

  To review research proposals involving human participants
• What do ethics committees assess in research proposals?

  Risk versus benefit of the research
• What can ethics committees do if guidelines are breached?

  They can stop the study
• What must researchers do to protect participants from harm?

  Ensure physical and psychological wellbeing
• How can researchers reduce psychological harm after a study?

  By debriefing the participants
• What is required for informed consent?

  Written consent from participants
• Who must give consent for participants under 18?

  Their legal guardian
• What information must be included in a consent form?

  Purpose, requirements, risks, duration, withdrawal rights
• How should participant information be handled?

  Stored securely and disposed of when not needed
• What must researchers do if they wish to publish results?

  Obtain written consent from participants
• What is voluntary participation in research?


  Participants choose to take part freely
• What is deception in research?

  Lying about the study's true nature
• When should deception not be used in research?

  If risks outweigh the benefits
• What is debriefing in research?

  Explaining the study to participants afterward
• What does privacy in research entail?

  Collect only relevant information from participants
• What are the 3 R's in animal research ethics?

  Refinement, Reduction, Replacement
• What should be done if deception occurred in a study?

  Participants must be informed afterward
• What is the priority in animal research ethics?

  Respect for the animals
• What are withdrawal rights in research?

  Participants can leave without penalty
• What does refinement mean in animal research?

  Minimizing distress or pain in animals
• What does reduction mean in animal research?

  Reducing the number of animals used
• What does replacement mean in animal research?

  Using alternative methods instead of animals
• What are the steps to formulating research?

  1. Identify the aim of the research
  2. Develop a research question
  3. Identify variables (independent, dependent, controlled, extraneous)
  4. Construct a hypothesis (quantitative)
  5. Construct an inquiry question (qualitative)
• What are operational definitions in research?

  Specifications for measuring/manipulating variables
• What is an independent variable?

  The variable manipulated by the researcher
• What is a dependent variable?

  The variable measured in response to changes
• What is an experimental group?

  Group exposed to the independent variable
• What is a strength of experimental research?

  Control over variables and cause-effect relationships
• What is a limitation of experimental research?

  Reduced realism in controlled environments
• What characterizes non-experimental research?

  Independent variable cannot be manipulated
• What is a control group?

  Group not exposed to the independent variable
• What are strengths of non-experimental research?

  Observes natural behavior without control
• What are limitations of non-experimental research?

  Cannot make reliable causal conclusions
• What is observational research?

  Monitoring participants and recording behavior
• What is a limitation of observational research?

  Observer bias may affect results
• What is a case study?

  In-depth investigation of an individual or event
• What is a directional hypothesis?

  Predicts the outcome of each condition