L1 - L4

• Globalization


  Intensified interconnectedness & interdependence of nation state in terms of economy, socio cultural, population, politics, ecology/environment, technology, information
• Factors driving globalization


  • Reduction of trade barriers
  • Infrastructural investments such as on modernization of transportation systems, and modern telecommunications
• Views about globalization


  • Positive: Highlights the positive economic impacts of globalization such as on the level of employment and balance of trade
  • Negative: Highlights the negative impacts of globalization, specifically the inequity among countries and between the rich and the poor
• Economic globalization


  • Expansion of national economies that promotes faster & easier flow of goods & capital
  • Greater integration of economic activities, products, & systems across the world
  • Extends economic projects & relations transnationally interdependencies among countries
  • Goes beyond globalization. Means, it also involves market integration & globalization
• Modern world system theory

  • Core: Center of the system. Most powerful state nations
  • Periphery: Outer edge of the system. Less developed countries
  • Semi-periphery: In-between the zone. Developing countries
• Market integration


  1. Economies becoming more interdependent and interconnected in commodity flows including externalities and spillover of impacts

  2. Removal of barriers that might make it hard for people and businesses to trade or do business with each other

  3. Led to a more efficient and interconnected economies
• Horizontal integration


  • Company acquires or merges with other companies that operate at the same stage of the supply chain or in the same industry
  • Goal: increase market share, reduce competition, & broaden the range of products/services to customers
• Vertical integration


  • Company's expansion into different stages of the supply chains
  • Goal: gain more control over the production process, reduce costs, improve efficiency, & enhance product quality
• International financial institutions (IFIs)


  Provide financial, technical services, and products not for profit but for overall economic and social development
• 4 key issues with IFIs


  • Legitimacy - critics due to leadership predominantly from wealthy nations, sparking calls for merit-based leader selection to ensure effective policy steering and reform
  • Effectiveness – questioned the social safeguard to ensure human rights, community, and environment well-being need to be instituted
  • Support Conditionally - loans does not come for free & comes with certain conditions that are borrowing country has to meet. This conditionalities could be undesired by receiving countries
  • Financial Capacity & Sustainability – their income is shrinking as demand grows for their services in regional and global development. Some middle-income countries limit borrowing due to high costs and conditions. Concessional loans becoming grants may attract recipients but could strain IFIs' finances
• Global corporations


  Referred to as multinational corporations and transnational corporations
• Global interstate system


  • Institutional arrangement of governance that addresses regional/globalized issues that goes beyond the scope of state
  • Due to interconnectedness, national & local policies are also improving
• Challenges addressed by global interstate system


  • Climate change: Montreal Protocol, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement
• State actors


  • Countries (sovereign state with defined territory, population, government, & capacity to enter into international relations)
• Non-state actors


  • Organizations/individual that is not funded/affiliated through a state (i.e., UN, WTO, etc.)
• Globalism


  An ideology based on the belief that flow of people, goods, & information should flow freely across national borders
• Internationalism


  Political, economic, & cultural cooperation between nations
• Global Governance

  • Provide government-like services
  • Combination of informal & formal ideas, values, rules, norms, procedures, practices, policies, & organizations that help all actor-states
  • How the world is, was, & could be governed
  • How changes in grand & not-so grand patterns of governance
• Nation-State

  • Is simple a country
  • Connected with history & culture
• Challenges to Nation-State

  • Globalization
  • Global issues
  • Identity-politics
  • Immigration
  • Rise of supra-national organizations
  • Increase of infra-national organizations
• Non-State Actors

  • Growth of this means that we have come a long way from state-centric model of traditional international relations
  • It has ushered an age of global partnership between private & public bodies
• Non-State Actor

  • United Nations (UN) – designed to make the enforcement of international law, security, human rights, economic developments, & social progress easier for countries around the world