Learners with Learning Disabilities

• Learning disabilities - is a term used to describe specific kinds of learning problems. It is a group of disorders that affect people’s ability to either interpret what they see and hear or to link information from different parts of the brain.
• A child with learning disabilities may exhibit the following characteristics:

  1. Have trouble learning the alphabet, matching letters to their sounds, and rhyming words.
  2. Make mistakes when reading aloud.
  3. Have trouble understanding what he or she is reading
  4. Learn languages late and have a limited vocabulary.
  5. Have trouble understanding social cues.
  6. Have trouble communicating.
  7. Have trouble understanding maths symbols and misreading numbers.
  8. Have trouble doing a task.
• Auditory Processing Disorder, also known as central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) is not a hearing loss or a learning disorder. It is a condition where someone has trouble understanding sounds, even though their hearing is normal. There is no cure for APD but audiologists have treatments that help individuals with APD manage their hearing issues.
• Dyspraxia is a learning difficulty that impacts an individual’s motor skills and coordination abilities. It usually manifests in childhood and persists into adulthood. People with dyspraxia may also experience challenges with language, thought processing, and perception.
• This aspect refers to challenges in decoding words, recognizing sight words, and understanding the fundamental relationship between sounds and letters. Individuals with dyslexia often struggle with these foundational skills necessary for proficient reading.

  Basic Reading Problem
• Dysgraphia is a neurological condition and learning difference in which someone has difficulty with writing for their age level. This can range from issues with the physical act of writing to issues with translating thoughts into written words. Dysgraphia is manageable with interventions that can help you learn new writing strategies.
• Find it difficult to see shapes, letters, or words in the correct order; may skip lines or read the same line repeatedly.

  Visual Sequencing
• Also known as “non-fluent aphasia” or “expressive aphasia”. Individuals with Broca's aphasia may understand speech and know what they want to say, but they frequently speak in short phrases that are produced with great effort.
• Dyslexia is defined as a learning disability characterised by difficulties in reading. It's important to note that dyslexia is not indicative of intelligence and can vary in severity among individuals. Early identification and targeted interventions are crucial to supporting individuals with dyslexia in developing strong reading skills and achieving academic success
• Difficulty remembering and recalling auditory information. This may manifest as difficulty following spoken instructions, remembering spoken information, or recalling information presented orally.

  Auditory Memory
• Main Types of Aphasia

  • Wernicke’s Aphasia
  • Broca’s Aphasia
  • Global Aphasia
• It refers to a reduced/hindered ability to interpret or make sense of visual information, even though their eyesight is normal. Difficulties with visual processing can affect how visual information is interpreted by the brain

  Visual Processing Disorder
• Basic Writing Disorder, is a term sometimes used interchangeably with dysgraphia. It refers to difficulties in writing that are not due to intellectual impairment or lack of education. This disorder can encompass various writing difficulties, such as poor spelling, illegible handwriting, and trouble with grammar and punctuation. Individuals with basic writing disorder may find it hard to convey their ideas in writing despite having the requisite knowledge and understanding of language.
• Dyscalculia is outlined as a learning difficulty specifically affecting mathematical abilities. It manifests as challenges in understanding and executing mathematical concepts and operations.
• Dyslexia also encompasses difficulties in comprehending written text, even when words have been accurately decoded. This aspect underscores challenges in understanding and processing the meaning of what has been read, which can significantly impact overall reading comprehension.

  Reading Comprehension Problem
• Difficulty with fine motor skills.

  Dyspraxia
• Specifically refers to difficulties with expressing thoughts and ideas in written form. It encompasses challenges in organizing ideas, maintaining coherence, and effectively communicating through writing. This difficulty can arise from various factors, including dysgraphia, language processing disorders, or difficulties with higher-order thinking skills.

  Expressive writing Disability
• Trouble understanding where objects are in space; unsure how close objects are to one another.

  Visual-Spatial
• Difficulty distinguishing between different sounds or subtle differences in sounds. For example, they may have trouble distinguishing between similar-sounding words like "cat" and "bat”.

  Auditory Discrimination
• Aphasia is a learning disability that is caused by damage in specific portions of the brain that is responsible for language. It can impact an individuals’ speech, and the ability to write and understand both spoken and written language. Three main factors to consider when determining which kind of aphasia a person has — fluency, understanding, and repetition
• Difficulty with reading.

  Dyslexia
• Dysgraphia is described into two primary components:

  1. Basic Writing Disorder
  2. Expressive writing Disability
• Trouble seeing the difference between similar letters, shapes, or objects.

  Visual Discrimination
• Difficulty hearing differences between sounds

  Auditory Processing Disorder
• Individuals with dyscalculia may struggle with basic arithmetic, numerical reasoning, and overall number sense. It's important to emphasize that dyscalculia does not reflect intelligence and can vary in its impact from person to person. While it cannot be "cured" in the traditional sense, individuals with dyscalculia can learn strategies and receive support to manage their difficulties and improve their math skills.
• The most severe form of aphasia. Individuals with global aphasia have severe communication difficulties and may be extremely limited in their ability to speak or comprehend language. They may be unable to say even a few words or may repeat the same words or phrases repeatedly. They may have trouble understanding even simple words and sentence.
• Difficulty with math.

  Dyscalculia
• Switch numbers or letters when writing, or may mistake “b” for “d” or “w” for “m”.

  Letter And Symbol Reversal Issues
• Difficulty with language.

  Aphasia or Dysphasia
• Dyslexia is described into two primary components:

  1. Basic Reading Problem
  2. Reading Comprehension Problem
• Difficulty focusing on important sounds in the presence of background noise. This can make it challenging to understand speech in noisy environments or when multiple sounds are present.

  Auditory Figure-Ground Discrimination
• Different kinds of Learning disabilities:

  1. Dyslexia
  2. Dyscalculia
  3. Dysgraphia
  4. Dyspraxia
  5. Aphasia or Dysphasia
  6. Auditory Processing Disorder
  7. Visual Processing Disorder
• Difficulty understanding and recalling the order of sounds, words, or other auditory stimuli. This can make tasks like following directions, understanding stories, or recalling sequences of information challenging.

  Auditory Sequencing
• Difficulty with writing.

  Dysgraphia
• Trouble using what they see to coordinate with the way they move; may struggle to write within lines or bump into objects while walking.

  Visual Motor Processing
• Also known as “fluent aphasia” or “receptive aphasia”. Individuals with Wernicke’s aphasia have difficulty understanding spoken and written language. May speak in long, complete sentences that have no meaning, adding unnecessary words and even creating made-up words.
• Difficulty identifying an object when only parts of it are showing

  Visual-Closure
• Areas of weakness for people with APD:

  1. Auditory Discrimination
  2. Auditory Figure-Ground Discrimination
  3. Auditory Memory
  4. Auditory Sequencing
• Difficulty interpreting visual information.

  Visual Processing Disorder
• Struggle to remember shapes, symbols, or objects they’ve seen, causing issues with reading and spelling

  Visual Memory