geography theme 2

• ageing population is a population with a rising average age
• in the uk there are 10 million people over the age of 65 this is 16% of the population
• the causes of a ageing population is

  better healthcare

  good lifestyle

  women staying in education longer

  marriage at a later age

  expensive to have children
• to solve the ageing population

  -increase retirement age, more tax revenue and consumer spending

  -increase income tax, workers pay more tax

  -encourage private pensions, less people rely on the state

  -provide more incentives to increase birth rate

  -encourage migrations of young families into britain
• ageing population advantages

  -new generation on pensioners do charity work and volunteer to fill gaps in social care

  -healthier fitter pensioner

  -wealthy retirees spend lots of money

  -they travel less due to retiring so better for climate

  -with retiring there’s more jobs
• disadvantages of an ageing population

  • by 2035 23% of the population will be over 65
  • financing pensions
  • economically active are paying for the pensions and NHS
  • the pension doesn’t cover the cost of living
  • high dependency ratio
• migration will help the uk to solve future challenges of an ageing population because in 2019 70% of migrants were aged 26-64 compared to 48% of uk born
• migrants are 35% of the total economically active in the uk due to migrants arriving between ages of 20 and 34
• migrants are likely to increase the fertility and birth rates
• austerity was imposed to eliminate budget deficits and reduce the national debt after the financial crisis
• since 2010 the conservative government has announced more than 30 billion pound in cuts to welfare payments, housing and social services
• there are signs the social well being has declined under austerity because the use of food banks has almost doubled between 2013 and 2017 families receiving benefits are thousands of pounds worse off every year
• the number of minors living in “relative poverty” fell by around 800,000 to 3.5 million from 1998 to 2012.

  roughly 2/3 of poor children have at least one parent who works
• advantages of migrations

  • hard work helps the economy
  • do jobs brits are too lazy to do
  • good for nhs because
  • they contribute to tax and don’t use much of the health service
  • work in the nhs
  • gov tax revenue is increased
  • culture is enriched
  • immigrant groups boost the birth rate
  • polish contribute £25 billion ever year
  • 80% of migrants are 18-35 offsetting the uks ageing populations
• disadvantages of migration

  • immigrants are making a mess in the streets
  • many in big city’s don’t speak english
  • growing population can put pressure on services
  • may not assimilate into local groups
  • gender imbalance as more men generally migrate into uk
• in 2011 81.5% of england and wales live in urban areas and 18.5% live in rural areas
• rural numbers are growing as more are choosing to live in the countryside this is counter urbanisation
• • people live in rural areas but work in the cities
  • farmers produce food which is sold in cities
  • broadband connects places so people can live and work anywhere
  • various forms of transport links cities to rural areas
• people choose to live rural because

  • more for money
  • self sufficiency
  • cheaper
  • quieter
  • good place for children
  • close community
  • better quality of life!
• green belt is a protected land around cities where planning and building is restricted by planning laws
• greenbelts stops urban sprawl and encourages vital regeneration of largest cities however it limits where houses can be built
• The UK and Wales’ population

  has increased every year since 1982
• Migration has been the main reason

  for the UK’s population growth since

  1990.
• It is estimated that the UK population

  will reach 72 million by 2041.
• factors effecting population change:

  • economic:
  • Many women in the UK decide to pursue a career rather than have children
  • increasing the length and amount of maternity leave may lead more women to have children
  • the cost of raising a family in the uk is now more than ever before.
• factors effecting population change:

  • children in the uk receive several vaccines before adulthold, this reduces the child mortality rate
  • more migrants and a high birth rate among migrants
  • children receive sex education and contraception is readily available. reducing unwanted pregnancy
• factors affecting population change: economic

  • Many women in the UK decide to pursue a career rather than to have children.
  • Increasing the length and amount of statutory maternity leave may encourage women to have more children.
  • The cost of raising a family in the UK is more expensive now than ever before. This factor may influence how many children a couple has.
• Factors that affect population change:

  political

  • Children in the UK receive several vaccines before they reach adulthood. This reduces the infant mortality rate
  • The number of people migrating to the UK has continued to rise. This reason, along with a higher birth rate among migrants, causes population increase.
  • All pupils receive sex education lessons in school and contraception is readily available. This reduces the number of unwanted pregnancies.
• factors affecting population change

  social

  • Health care increases life expectancy, and a lower infant mortality rate.
  • Couples in the UK get married at an older age than 50 years ago. This can affect how many children they have.
  • Women in the UK often wait until they are in their 30's before having children. This may reduce the amount of children a woman has.
  • A high percentage of the UK's population is over 65. This creates an ageing population. This leads to a lower birth rate.
• need for new housing

  • With an increase in population due to
  • people living longer and more immigration,
  • more people in the UK need to be provided with housing.
  • Demand for housing is highest in the South East of England, the East of England, and London, as these are the areas with the highest population growth
• counter urbanisation

  • push: lack of space, air pollution, high crime rates, high house prices
  • pull: open space, low crime rate, sense of community, better quality of life
• positive effects of counter urbanisation:

  • wide ranges of people give new culture and experiences
  • local schools have more number and can stay open
• negative effects of counter urbanisation

  • small villages lose identity like welsh language
  • conflict between locals and new residents
  • house prices increase due to increase in demand so local people can’t afford it and move away
  • commuters shop in big supermarkets in the city on way home from work so small markets in the towns shut down due to low demand
  • these areas are dormitory towns with a low daytime population
  • traditional industry’s like farming are lost
• negative effects of counter urbanisation

  • increase in commuting which contributes to increased congestion and air pollution
  • increased demand for housing so green belts get built on so loss of habitats and countryside area
•  The number of households has risen by 30% in the UK since 1971.

  In part, this is because more people live alone. Rising life expectancies and high levels of immigration all combine to produce a housing shortage
• Companies like TESCO and ASDA are open 24 hours a day
• Shops used to be closed on Sundays, but shops can now open on Sundays, with the larger ones only being allowed to open for 6 hours.
• Retail parks are located on the outskirts of towns, with their large shopping units and ample parking. Large retail parks e.g. The Trafford Centre and Cribbs Causeway attract customers from a large catchment area
• People shop on the web from their homes and then get the goods delivered to their home or local shop – ‘click & collect’
• Clone towns: all town centres tend to be similar because the main streets are full of chain stores