Science Cp/exam

• Pinna

  The outer ear that funnels sound into the ear canal
• Ear canal


  A pathway running from the outer ear to the middle ear
• Eardrum


  Separates the outer and inner ear with a thin flap of skin that stretches tight across the inside of the ear like the skin on a drum. When sound reaches here, the eardrum vibrates.
• Eustachian tube


  Joins the middle ear to the nose and through and air moves into it or out of the middle ear through this tube to balance the air pressure on the other side of the eardrum.
• Oval window


  Separates middle and inner ear. Vibrations from the stirrup are transmitted to this thin layer of tissue which then transfers to the cochlea.
• Cochlea


  Spiral shaped tube filled with fluids. The vibrations from the oval window cause the fluid to move which then tiny hairs act as receptors and turn the vibrations to electrical impulses
• Auditory nerve


  The electrical impulses (which were first vibrations until they went through the cochlea) are sent to the brain through this nerve. The brain then interprets it as sound.
• Semicircular canals


  Filled with fluid and don't play a part in our hearing. However if there is an infection/ear problem, they may be impacted.
• Ossicles


  • Hammer
  • Anvil
  • Stirrup
• Hammer


  Transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to anvil
• Anvil


  Transmits the sound vibrations from the hammer to stirrup
• Stirrup


  Transmits the sound vibrations from the anvil to the oval window
• Radio Waves


  • Longest wave
  • Lowest frequency
  • Coolest temp
  • Examples are the AM/FM radios
• Microwaves


  • Needs a close distance to transmitter
  • Examples are microwaves, cell phones
• Infrared Waves


  • Infra means 'below' so basically below waves
  • Just below visible light
• Infrared Waves


  • remote controls
  • flames
• Visible Light


  • All visible light
  • ROYGBIV
  • Examples include flames and light bulbs
• Ultraviolet Light


  • Often called 'black light'
  • Its bad for our skin which is why we use sunscreen when going out in the sun (the sun have ultraviolet rays sometimes)
• X rays


  • High frequency waves
  • Used for seeing inside us, like x rays taken for our teeth from the dentist
• Gamma rays


  • Hight frequency waves
  • Highest temp
  • Used for sterilization and cancer (radiation therapy)
• Wave motion


  The transfer of energy without the transfer of matter
• Types of waves


  • Transverse waves
  • Longitudinal waves
• Transverse waves


  • Waves you see when the ocean has ripples of the ocean waves
  • When you move a slinky or rope up and down so it creates a wave looking object
  • Once a transverse wave passes through an object the individual particles of the object move in right angles
• Longitudinal waves


  • When the particles vibrate go backwards and forwards in the same motion of the wave
  • Sound waves are longitudinal wave
  • Once a longitudinal wave passes through a medium, the particles in the medium move backwards and forwards
• Frequency


  The number of waves produced every second, measured in hertz (Hz) which means waves /second
• Wavelength


  • The distance between the two highest points (crests) and two lowest points (troughs) or just the highest point and the next or vice versa
  • For longitudinal waves, the distance between the compression of particles (like the slinky and where is bunches up is an example) or the distance of two rarefactions (the part in a slinky where it is fully stretched)
• Amplitude


  The distance between the crest and 'middle position' or trough and 'middle position'
• Wave speed, frequency and wavelength


  Linked by the wave equation, so if frequency increases, wavelength decreases (and vice versa)
• Luminous


  Giving of light, light resource
• Reflection


  When light bounces of an object
• Law of reflection


  When a ray of light reflects off a surface, the angle of incidence is equal to angle of the reflection
• Incident ray


  The ray pointing towards and striking the object
• Reflected ray


  The ray that bounces back from the object
• Normal


  The perpendicular line (vertical line) in a law of reflection
• Angle of incident


  The angle formed between the incident ray and normal line
• Angle of reflection


  The angle formed between the reflected ray and normal line
• Plane mirror


  Highly polished surface that reflects light in order to create an image
• Lateral inversion


  When the light erects an image but inverted
• Refractive index


  The measure of refraction: n=c/v
• Absorbed


  If light hits and object and then stops, it means the light has been absorbed. If the light has been absorbed (by the object), the light will no longer travel through other mediums and just stop there.