Lesson 2: effective writing

• PARTS OF PARAGRAPH:

  • Organized around a topic sentence
  • Contains introductory sentence
  • Uses sentences to explain major points
  • May use concluding sentences
• RECITE THE MAJOR PARTS OF PARAGRAPH:

  1. topic sentence
  2. Cohesive devices
  3. supporting details
  4. closing sentences
• The central idea of the paragraph; it can be a stand or a comment, an objective statement, or question.

  topic sentences
• Transitional devices, pronouns, or repetition of ideas used in order for all of the sentences to be linked properly.

  cohesive devices
• sentences that clarify and prove the main idea.

  supporting details
• Concludes the details that have been presented.

  closing sentences
• what are the three parts of essay?

  • introduction
  • body
  • conclusion
• Introduction of essay should have:

  1. lead or attention getter
  2. transitional statement
  3. thesis statement
• Body of an essay have two parts:

  
  

  1. Major points
  2. minor details
• The conclusion of an essay should have:

  1. recitation of thesis statement
  2. transitional statement/recitation of purpose, benefit and reccomendation.
  3. closing statement
• A lead or attention-getter is the first statement in the essay which aims to hook the reader.


  introduction
•  is the meat of the essay. It discusses the thesis statement in detail through its paragraphs. This is where the topic is developed and where the arguments are laid out or discussed.

  Body
• begins with the restatement of the thesis statement using a different structure and wording to uphold the language style.

  conclusion
• Recite the properties of a well-written text;

  1. unity
  2. cohesion
  3. coherence
  4. Organization
  5. language use
  6. mechanics
• Is achieved when a composition contains one focused idea. In a unified text. All supporting details are relevant to the main thought. WIthout -, the text will be confusing.


  unity
• Is the connection of ideas at the sentence level. It can be readily seen in a text through the smooth flow of the sentences and the connection of the ideas.

  Cohesion
•  It is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged. Knowledge of the parts of a composition is a great help in adhering to the correct organization of ideas. The sentences within a paragraph must also be organized logically.


  organization
• is one of the clearest indicators of a well-written text. It allows the writer to effectively communicate ideas without confusing the reader. Effective use of this is achieved by observing the following test-time principles of writing.

  language use
• It is the technical aspects of writing which should not be overlooked when writing. It is one of the properties of a well-written text and is characterized as a set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize a composition. 


  Mechanics
• occurs when ideas are connected at the conceptual or ideal level. It can be seen through well-defended arguments and organized points.

  coherence
• what are the 3 techniques used in cohesion?

  1. through the use of pronouns to refrain from using a specific word repeatedly.
  2.  through the use of transitional devices to connect sentences with linked ideas.
  3. employs a repetition of keywords to tie up the paragraph subtly.
• Characteristics of language use:

  1. Use clear sentences and concise sentences
  2. avoid redundancies, wordiness, and cliches, and high fault language
  3. avoid exessive use of there and it structures
  4. use precice vocubolary
  5. be consistent from your pronouns point of view
  6. avoid sexist language
  7. use the appropriate level of formality
• it is a part of language use characteristics:

  Be accurate and condense lengthy phrases into fewer words.

  use of precise vocubolary
• it is a part of language use characteristics:

  This issue can be addressed by using articles, using plural pronouns, using his or her instead of his. Writing through a second person point of view, or using gender neutral nouns. Make sure not to overuse his/her technique as it breaks the flow of your composition.

  avoid sexist language
• it is a part of language use characteristics:

  The more formal texts use an academic tone while less formal ones usually use a personal or colloquial tone.

  use of appropriate level of formality
• Recite the characteristics of mechanics:

  1. always use standard english
  2. avoid contraction
  3. avoid exlamation points unless they are part of direct quotation.
  4. Mention the full name of an institution or organization with the abbreviation in parenthesis, in first mention. Thereafter, use the abbreviation.
  5. Numbers from zero to ten should be spelled out while numbers higher than ten should be written in figures.
• parts of the conclusion:

  1. restament of the thesis statement
  2. transitional statement
  3. closing statement
• Parts of introduction:

  1. lead/attention-getter
  2. transitional statement
  3. thesis statement
• 4 types of English 

  • american English 
  • Australian English 
  • British English 
  • Scottish English