U3 AOS2

• Behaviourist approaches to learning


  Learning occurs by interacting with the external environment
• Classical conditioning


  Process of learning through involuntary association between a NS and a UCS that results in a CR
• Before conditioning


  NS has no associations and doesn't produce a relevant response
• Neutral stimulus (NS)


  Stimulus that produces no significant response before conditioning
• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)


  Stimulus that produces an unconscious response (UCR)
• Unconditioned response (UCR)


  Naturally occurring behaviour in response to a stimulus
• During conditioning


  NS and UCS are constantly paired together to produce the UCR
• After conditioning


  NS becomes the CS which produces a CR
• Conditioned stimulus (CS)


  Stimulus that produces a CR after being repeatedly paired with the UCS
• Conditioned response (CR)


  Response that occurs involuntarily after the conditioned stimulus is presented
• Operant conditioning


  Three phase learning process, where the consequence of a behaviour determines the likelihood of recurrence
• Antecedent (operant conditioning)


  Stimulus that precedes or elicits a particular behaviour
• Behaviour (operant conditioning)


  Voluntary actions that occur in the presence of the antecedent
• Consequence (operant conditioning)


  Outcome of the behaviour which determines the likelihood of recurrence
• Systems of knowledge


  Knowledges and skills are based on interconnected social, physical, and spiritual understandings
• Country


  Traditional lands of a particular language or cultural group
• Multimodal


  Learning using a variety of methods
• Sensory memory


  Briefly stores raw information detected by senses
• Sensory memory capacity and duration

  Capacity: (iconic) 1.2-1.45 (echoic) 3-4s

  Duration: Unlimited
• Short-term memory


  Temporarily stores a limited amount of information consciously being attended to
• Short-term memory capacity and duration

  Capacity: 7±2

  Duration 10/15-30s
• Long-term memory


  Relatively permanent store of memory
• Long-term memory capacity and duration

  Capacity: Potentially unlimited

  Duration: Relatively permanent
• Alzheimer's disease


  Neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons in the brain and characterised by memory decline
• Post-mortem examination


  Assessment of dead body that determines cause of death
• Lesion


  Area of tissue that has been damaged due to disease or injury
• Amyloid plaques


  Fragments of protein beta-amyloid insoluble plaques that inhibit communication between neurons
• Neurofibrillary tangles


  Accumulation of the protein tau that forms insoluble tangles within neurons, which inhibits transportation of essential substances and eventually kills the neuron
• Written traditions


  practices in which knowledge, stories, and customs are preserved and shared through writing and reading
• Sung narratives


  Stories that have important information through the use of singing, harmony and rhythm
• Songlines


  Multimodal performances conducted as a community that record journeys, link important sites, and describe ways to live.