Social

• Erik Erikson


  German scientist who identified 8 psychosocial stages of development in children
• Trust vs mistrust


  1st stage of psychosocial development conflicts, where you need caregivers to take care of you or else you grow up with attachment issues
• Autonomy vs shame


  2nd stage of psychosocial development, early childhood, where you have to learn to take care of yourself (potty training). If you cannot, the doubt lingers
• Initiative vs guilt


  3rd stage psychosocial dev. When preschool aged children take control and explore by themselves. As they exercise more control, their parents might try to guide them too much, which will make them snively pushovers
• Industry vs inferiority


  4th stage psychosocial dev. where successful children gain a sense of pride while others get messed up when compared to their peers by their parents and teachers
• Mary Ainsowrth


  Psychologist best known for her discovery of attachment styles through her strange situation test
• Mary Ainsworth strange situation test types of attachment:

  • Secure
  • Resistant
  • Avoidant
• Secure attachment type


  Some separation anxiety, happy to see the mother, willing to explore new environment but resorts to mother for comfort
• Resistant attachment type


  Insecure, separation anxiety, fear of the stranger, approaches mother but resists physical contact, unwilling too explore new environments
• Avoidant attachment type


  Insecure, not distressed with the mother leaves, no fear or avoidance towards stranger, little to no interest when mother returns, equally comfortable with both people
• Parenting styles are measured on a demand - warmth axis
• Uninvolved


  Low warmth, low demand: when parents are non responsive and don't have rules they enforce. Don't provide modeling or emotional support
• Authoritarian


  Low warmth, high demand: when parents are inflexible and try to control everything with their own standard of conduct and if the child doesn't adhere to it they are seen as wrong and often punished. Children have little autonomy but high regard for rules and respect
• Authoritative


  High warmth, high demand: when parents enforce rules but are responsive and generally have reasons behind the rules. Considered the most desireable form of parenting, because it teaches children to be people while not making them miserable. Older children are often brought into dialogues about the rules
• Permissive


  High warmth, low demand: parents who are more like friends, little attempt to guide kids or enforce rules
• Uninvolved parenting outcomes


  Unwilling to trust or make social connections, anxiety in new places because of mistrust, issues with intimacy
• Authoritarian parenting outcomes


  Obedient, passively dependent, angry, low self-esteem
• Permissive parenting outcomes


  Lack of self-discipline, self-involved, demanding, insecure
• Authoritative parenting outcomes


  Happy, confident, capable, socially competent
• Diana Baumrind


  Psychologist who classified parenting styles on the warmth-demand axis