Soc 101 final

• Sex

  biological and anatomical differences between males and females and refers to physical differences in primary (organs involved in reproduction) and secondary sex characteristics (patterns of hair growth, breast tissue)
• Gender

  refers to physical, behavioral, and personality traits that are culturally and socially constructed differences that a group considers normal for female and male members. Founded in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with femininity and masculinity vary across cultures.
• Intersex

  chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor female and expand our understanding of sex beyond binary
• Gender Binary

  isn't just the view that there are two distinct genders, but it reinforces the idea that males and females are opposite and fundamentally different from one another.
• Nonbinary


  individuals who do not identify as exclusively male or women or who identify as both, in between or outside any category examples: transgender, genderqueer, genderfluid, bigender
• Essentialists

  see gender as biological/genetic determined by genitalia/chromosomes, determines how you see yourself and how you interact with others, believe culture/socialization play little role, predetermined; sociologists more critical
• Constructionalists


  Social construction means gender, shaped socially by culture/historical time period masculinity/femineity differs in different societies
• Gender Identity

  how someone identifies
• Gender Expression


  external how we dress, names we use, etc.; some experiments, nonbinary, push boundaries
• Doing Gender


  is the process of creating and reinforcing differences between men and women through social interactions, such as performing certain activities and displaying traits explicitly for men or women.
• Example of Doing Gender


  Example: women getting their nails done or shopping for purses, men going to get their car fixed
• Gender Socialization


  the lifelong process of learning what it means and how to be 'masculine' or 'feminine' through the agents of socialization.
• What is the primary source of socialization in terms of gender?

  The family
• How does the family's perception of the baby's sex influence socialization?

  It affects how the mom talks to the baby, the clothes, room, toys chosen, and overall treatment.
• What role does social learning play in gender socialization in family?

  Social learning includes behaviors like criticizing a boy for crying, learning through imitation, and observing family members as role models.
• Gender Socialization in Schools

  Girls and boys are frequently put in same-sex groups along with gender-stereotyped tasks.
• Gender Differences in Teacher Interactions


  Boys receive more attention from teachers while girls are academically better but often discounted.
• Women in Textbooks


  Women are underrepresented in textbooks.
• Gender Socialization: Peers - Age Three

  By age three, children develop a preference for same-sex playmates.
• Gender Socialization: Peers - Activities

  When children play with the same sex, their activities are more likely to be gendered-type.
• Gender Socialization: Peers - Peer Influence


  Children need to impress each other and feel popular when interacting with same-sex peers.
• Gender Socialization: Peers - Boys' Behavior


  Boys police each other's performance and may mock children if they cross gender borders.
• Gender Socialization: Media


  learn how to behave through media, learn certain activities and attitudes being appropriate for one gender or the other. LGBTQ people have reflected in more positive representations through the media. The influence of the media can compete with other agents.
• Feminization of Poverty


  results from a combination of social factors, gendered gap in wages, occupations that are predominately held by women have lower pay, women have less pay, single women take on financial responsibility of children, increasing costs of healthcare, women are poorer than men.
• What is intersectionality?


  A way of understanding and analyzing the complexity in the world, in people, and in human experience.
• How does intersectionality view events of life?


  As shaped by many factors in diverse and mutually influencing ways.
• What does intersectionality consider as influencing factors?

  Race, class, gender, sexuality, age, region, etc.
• Gender: Functionalist Perspective


  View that social roles are better suited to one gender than the other and societies are more stable when gendered norms are fulfilled, believe in binary, women homemaker and expressive role (nurturing), man is the breadwinner and instrumental role (task-oriented), female roles work with male roles, uphold the traditional family and social functions
• Gender: Conflict Theory


  due to the traditional division of labor, males have more access to resources and privileges and have sought to maintain their dominance.. men get better pay, and men succeed in female-dominated occupations. Derivative of class inequality and originating with private property... women do work with no compensation... men will always dominate
• Gender: Symbolic Interactionism


  Gender is learned through the process of socialization; gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives; we need to categorize to interact; transgender or nonbinary may not fit easily in society because of the preexisting categories
• Acute Disease


  a sudden onset, shorter duration, causation typically linked to a germ, virus, or parasite that infects the body and disrupts the normal functioning of one or more areas; these illnesses are contagious and can spread easily
• examples of Acute Disease


  common cold, pneumonia, measles
• Chronic Disease


  develops over a longer period and may not be detected until later in their progression, sometimes related to environment, lifestyle, personal choices
• examples of chronic disease

  cancer, cardiovascular disease
• Curative or Crisis Medicine


  is a type of health care that treats the disease or condition once it has manifested. It works well for acute diseases like food poisoning or sports injuries like torn ligaments.
• Preventative Medicine


  a type of health care that aims to avoid or forestall disease onset by taking preventative measures, often including lifestyle changes. Regular exercise, proper diet, nutrition, least costly ways to prevent chronic conditions.
• Palliative Care


  focuses on relieving symptoms and pain and providing a supportive environment for critically ill or dying patients.
• How does society help us understand illness?

  Society helps us understand mental illness. Early understandings meant supernatural explanations because they did not understand viruses/bacteria/germs/etc.

  Religious rituals such as prayer, magic spells, and exorcism were used as treatment.
• What were early understandings of illness associated with?

  A particular portion of the brain
• What was a common treatment for illnesses based on early understandings?

  Lobotomies (part of the brain gets cut out)