unit 2

• Eurasia: landmass that consist of Europe (10% human population) and Asia (60% human population)
• Ecumene: portion of earth's surface with permanent human settlement.
• People prefer to live in,

  flat surfaces for easy travel, farming, and building

  mild/warm climate

  long bodies of water
• Population Density: average number of people per unit of land area
• Megacities: cities with more than 10 million residents
• Metacities: cities with more than 20 million residents
• Factors that affect population distribution:

  Physical: landforms, climate, water bodies, disease

  Human: culture, economic development
• Bodies of water: People tend to live near the ocean because of the trade and fishing opportunities.
• Culture: people tend to stay in areas that have deep roots in nature, and their culture.
• Economic Development: An area being more economically developed or have more technological advances contributes to an area being populated.
• Disease: Diseases aren't directly a cause on population density, but rather it affects food supplies, which affect population size.

  If cattle catch a disease, tribes could migrate away from infected diseases.
• Arithmetic (crude) density: average number of people per unit of land

  Higher the number, the more crowded a country is, but not the most reliable as it doesnt consider the geographical variation.
• Physiological density: average number of people per unit of arable land

  Higher number means a country is more crowded, also a good indicator of the pressure the country puts on its land.
• Agricultural Density: number of farmers per unit of arable land

  Higher the number, the more labor intensive a country is.
• dependency ratio: number of dependents in the population that every 100 working ages people (age 15-64) must support
• age structure: breakdown of a population into different age groups
• high child dependency: countries with a high youth dependency ratio (higher than 45 percent)
• moderate child dependency: countries with a moderate youth dependency ratio (29-45 percent)
• double dependency ratio: countries with a moderate youth dependency (29-45 percent), but a high elderly dependency ratio (15 percent) or higher
• high elderly dependency: countries with an aging population, their youth dependency ratio is lower than 29 percent but their elderly dependency ratio is 15 percent or higher.
• GI (government issue): oldest generation in the US. People who were born before 1924, and found in WWII.
• Silent Generation: people born between 1924-1945,
• baby boomers: born between 1946-1964, during the post WWII uptick (baby boom) in the US.
• generation X: people born between 1965-1980, and are now in their prime working years
• Generation Y: people born between 1981-2000, and is the largest generation
• Generation Z: current generation of highschoolers
• sex ratio: numerical ratio of males to female in the population
• Androcentrism: when culture prefers men
• reason for unbalanced sex ratios: androcentrism, gender selective migration, war
• population pyramids: tool comparing age and sex structure in a country
• Typical population pyramid shapes: rapid growth, slow growth, population stability, population decline
• CBR: average number of live births per 1000 people

  live births/mid-year population x 1000
• TFR: average number of children born per woman
• CDR: measures number of deaths per 1000 people

  
  

  total amt of deaths/mid-year population x 1000
• IMR: measures infants death within the first year of life per 1000 live births
• RNI: (CBR-CDR)/10
• Malthus Theory: when population increase geometrically, while food supply will increase arithmetically
• Cornucopias (anti-Malthusians): disagree with Malthus's view on population.
• Boserup effect: People would adapt to the sudden change in population and will produce more food and adopt new farming method.
• Antinatalist policies: policies looking to reduce population growth by putting up policies that reduce fertility.