lesson 8

• Cause


  What makes a particular thing happen
• Effect


  What results from a particular situation, activity, or behavior
• Cause and effect


  • Structures writers use to organize their ideas
  • Used to arrange ideas to achieve the writer's purpose in writing the text
• Causal analysis


  • Identifying the causes and effects of a particular situation, event, or phenomenon
  • Deals with the study of relationship between or among at least two happenings
  • Answers the questions "why" and "how"
• Cause-and-effect paragraph organization


  1. Identify the effect in the topic sentence and write about its cause

  2. Write about the cause in the topic sentence and write about its effect
• Cause


  What prompted something to happen
• Effect


  What was yielded after something else took place
• Causal chain


  A set of cause and effect that leads to multiple other sets – all happening one after the other
• Faulty causality


  • Post hoc, Ergo Propter hoc ("after this, therefore because of this")
  • Happens when one assumes that event A is always the cause of event B/ event B is always the effect of event A
• Division and classification


  • Used when dealing with complex and somewhat messy topics
  • To create an air of systematization and order in writing
• Division


  • Works hand in hand with analysis, wherein one breaks down a concept into its constituent parts
  • Necessitates separating items – creating demarcating lines or clear distinctions between or among the little things that make up the whole class
• Classification


  • Entails categorization which enables one to group together items according to their similarities
  • To further organize data that have already been divided and classified, label each subtopic so as to lessen the clutter
• Classification


  Sorting, focus is on similarities
• Division


  Breaking into parts, focus is on differences
• Principles of dividing and classifying

  • Consistency
  • Exclusiveness
  • Completeness
• Consistency


  Characterized by having parallel similarities in the divisions you make in your writing
• Exclusiveness


  Means there is no overlapping between or among the items divided and classified together
• Completeness


  Means that no important part is omitted from the writing