oral com

• OUTLINE -

  reveals the coherence and

  complexity of an essay

  summary that gives the essential

  features of a text
• TOPIC OUTLINE – uses

  words and phrases to list

  ideas.
• SENTENCE OUTLINE –

  uses complete sentences

  to define the subject
• topic outline - divided into

  three levels: the headings, the

  subheadings, and the

  sub-subheadings.
• sentence outline - is particularly useful when you

  are discussing a complex topic
• PARAGRAPH - is a group of sentences that

  deals with one particular idea.
• TOPIC SENTENCE -

  tells the reader the main idea of your

  paragraph.

  reveals what you generally plan to

  propose, argue, or explain.

  can be found anywhere.

  can be explicit or implicit.
• SUPPORTING

  DETAILS - elaborates the topic

  sentence.
• unity - means that all of the sentences

  in the paragraph are related to

  the topic.
• ADEQUATE

  DEVELOPMENT - paragraph should be elaborated

  on using concrete evidence,

  different examples, relevant

  facts, and specific details.
• COHERENCE - the sentences are arranged in

  a logical manner.
• CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER - the details are arranged in the order which

  they happened.
• SPATIAL ORDER - arranged according to geographical

  location such as left-right, up-down.
• EMPHATIC ORDER - when the information found in paragraph is

  arranged to emphasize certain points

  depending on the writer’s purpose.
• REVISION - the general process of going back

  through the whole draft
• EDITING

  also known as proofreading
• PATTERNS OF

  DEVELOPMENT - are structures writers use

  to organize their ideas.
• NARRATION - story telling, is a sequence of events, not

  necessarily arranged in order, told

  by a narrator, happening in a

  particular place at a particular time.
• NARRATION- revisiting a world based on

  the author’s memory
• VIVID

  DESCRIPTION- description is appealing to

  the five senses of the human

  body
• CONSISTENT POINT

  OF VIEW - the position from which something or

  someone is observed.
• First person – a character within the story tells

  their own experiences or thoughts.
• Second person – the story is from the

  perspective of “you”
• Third person – the story is told from the view of

  someone watching from the outside.
• CONSISTENT VERB

  TENSE - it is needed to make clear to

  the reader whether the story

  in the narrative had already

  happened, has been

  happening for some time

  now, or will happen
• WELL-DEFINED POINT OR

  SIGNIFICANCe - well-defined point or significance

  in any narrative is akin to the

  literary element we call theme.

  THEME is the unifying thought or

  idea born out of all the other

  elements of the story.
• NARRATIVE

  DEVICES - techniques writers utilize to

  add flavor and enrich the

  meaning of their stories.
• ANECDOTES - these are brief narrative that are

  written from the writer’s memory.
• FLASHBACK - it is an event that happened in

  the past.

  quickly looking at something that

  had already happened.
• TIME STRETCH - it is a single event in the

  story that the author focuses

  writing about.
• TIME SUMMARY - is characterized by jamming

  together multiple events and/or

  shortening a relatively long period of

  time.
• FLASH FORWARD - is an event that has yet to

  happen in the future.
• DIALOGUE - A narrative does not have narrator

  who tells a story in accordance to

  how he/she observes a sequence of

  events.
• CAUSE– is what makes a

  particular thing happen.
• EFFECT– is what results

  from a particular situation,

  activity, or behavior.
• CAUSE AND EFFECT - are structures writers use

  to organize their ideas.
• CAUSAL ANALYSIS - identifying the causes and

  effects of a particular situation,

  event, or phenomenon.
• CAUSAL CHAIN - is a set of cause and

  effect that leads to

  multiple other sets – all

  happening one after the

  other.
• DIVISION AND

  CLASSIFICATION - used when dealing with

  complex and somewhat

  messy topics.
• DIVISION - it works hand in hand with

  analysis, wherein one breaks

  down a concept into its constituent

  parts.