psych

• Johann freidrich argued 'Psychology will remain one sided as long as it considers man standing alone'
• Johann freidrich herbert

  Argued that psychology will remain one sided as long as it considers man standing alone
• Wilhem Wundt


  Distinguished between individual experimental psychology and volkerpsychologie
• Volkerpsychologie


  'Folk psychology' or the study of the collective mind
• Gustav le Bon


  Argued that when in a crowd, an individual's thoughts, feelings and behaviors are overridden by 'collective unconsciousness'
• Triplett's competition studies 1898


  Known as the first psychological experiment
• Kurt Lewin


  Pioneer of applied social psychology, established the interactionist perspective
• Interactionist perspective


  Behavior is a function of a person and their environment
• 'Fund and games era'


  Post WW1 1950s & 1960s social psychologists carried out adventurous experiments
• Rise of social cognition


  • 1970s &1980s emphasis less on behavior and more on how individuals perceive the world
  • Greater focus attitudes , emotions and stereotypes using methods that were easily measured and replicated
• Crisis in social psychology

  • In 1970s social psychologists faced backlash on the validity of their claims
  • Alternative methodologies of testing needed
• Two traditions of social psychology

  • Social cognitive psychology
  • Critical
• Social cognitive


  • Psychological social psychology
  • Starts with the individual and how they perceive the world (mental processes)
• Critical


  • Sociological social psychology
  • Starts with social world and how it impacts individuals (social interactions)
• Quantitative research


  Quantitative research in psychology seeks to explain psychological phenomena through systematic measurement and numerical data
• Qualitative research


  Qualitative research in psychology explores meaning through language
• Triplett's competition studies


  1. Compared times across 3 races: races against other riders, races against time using a pacemaker and races against time alone

  2. Using a pacemaker and racing alone 23% improvement, using a pacemaker racing with others 26% improvement

  3. Physical theory: The pacing cyclist provides shelter from the wind, or suction that pulls the rider's bike along

  4. Psychological theory: The presence of a friend provides encouragement, or takes away the need to worry about pacing oneself

  5. Mystical theory: The wheel of the pacing machine has a hypnotic effect on the rider
• Social facilitation


  People exhibit increased effort due to real, imagined or implied presence of others
• Self-concept


  • Set of beliefs people have on themselves
  • Determines how we think we should act situations
• William James


  Created distinction between 'I' and 'Me'
• 'I' and 'Me'


  • 'I' is the self with conscious awareness of the world
  • 'Me' is the self as a person in the world eg relationships with others
• Personal self


  Sense of self awareness with your own thoughts and feelings
• Social self


  The self socially, how the self-acts in public
• Relational self


  The self that comes from relationships with others eg friends or family
• Self awareness


  Psychological state of being aware of one's thoughts or feelings
• Self-recognition


  Develops around 18 months, mirror test assesses this
• Introspection


  The practice of looking inward to analyze our memories, thoughts, feelings, motives and intentions
• Others are better at predicting our behavior than we are, they are better at predicting external easily observable traits such as talking and when it comes to traits like intelligence and creativity however, We know ourselves better than others do when it comes to 'internal' hard-to-observe traits
• Erving Goffman


  Proposed the dramaturgical self theory
• Dramaturgical self theory


  Argued that social life is structured in a way that resembles a theatre - front, back and off stage
• Front


  The social roles people fulfill as performers
• Front stage


  Where actor formally performs, knows they are being watched
• Backstage


  Performer can relax as they are no longer being watched .. step outta character
• Offstage


  Where actors meet individuals in another location independently of theatre
• Face


  The positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact
• Face saving


  Work where people will collude at potentially awkward moments in order to maintain the smooth flow of interaction, and allow the person who has committed a potential gaffe to maintain the impression of being an authentically competent person
• Face saving


  • Person drops a plate while working in a restaurant
• Strategic self presentation


  Efforts to shape others impressions on us to gain something
• Self verification


  Desire to have others see us the same way we see ourselves
• High self monitor


  Ability to adapt behavior to a certain situation