THEORY

• Clustered organization


  Relies on physical proximity to relate its spaces to one another, often consists of repetitive, cellular spaces that have similar functions and share a common visual trait such as shape or orientation
• Centralized organization


  A stable, concentrated composition that consists of several secondary spaces grouped around a large, dominant, central space
• Theory of architecture


  Sets the basic understanding of design before architects design a building into reality
• Adjacent spaces


  The most common type of spatial relationship, allows each space to be clearly defined and to respond, each in its own way, to specific functional or symbolic requirements
• Grid


  Organization consists of forms and spaces whose positions in space and relationships with one another are regulated by a three-dimensional grid pattern or field
• Space


  The three-dimensional field in which objects and events occur and have relative position and direction, especially a portion of that field set apart in each instance or for a particular purpose
• Radial


  Organization of space combines elements of both centralized and linear organizations, consists of a dominant central space from which several linear organizations extend in a radial manner
• Interlocking spaces


  Spatial relationship results from the overlapping of two spatial fields and the emergence of a zone of shared space
• Linear


  Organization consists essentially of a series of spaces, these spaces can either be directly related to one another or be linked through a separate and distinct linear space
• Spaces linked by a common space


  Two spaces that are separated by distance can be linked or related to each other by a third, intermediate, space
• Space within a space


  The larger, enveloping space serves as a three-dimensional field for the smaller space contained within it
• Philibert de L'orme was one of the French theorists who were critical of Italians, proved that Pantheon's Corinthian columns had 3 different proportions, rejected the doctrine of the absolute beauty of measures
• Eugene Viollet-le-Duc was the first theorist who set out to create a totally new system of architectural forms independent of antiquity, stated "what we call taste is but an involuntary process of reasoning whose steps elude our observation", "Authority has no value if its grounds are not explained", his work was one of the foundations of modern architecture
• Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris


  The full name of Le Corbusier
• Art Nouveau


  The ornamental style of art that flourished between about 1890 and 1910 throughout Europe and the United States, characterized by its use of a long, sinuous, organic line, employed most often in architecture, interior design, jewelry and glass design, posters, and illustrations, a deliberate attempt to create a new style, free of imitative historicism that dominated much of 19th-century art and design
• Firmitas


  The physical strength that secured the building's structural integrity
• Thematic Theories of Architecture


  Treatises that aim at the fulfillment of one principal goal, usually at the cost of other customary goals of the building
• The Three Vitruvian theories


  • Firmitas
  • Utilitas
  • Venustas
• Venustas


  The aesthetic quality associated with the goddess Venus, imparted style, proportion, and visual beauty
• Utilitas


  The notion that a building is defective unless the spaces provided are adequate and appropriate for their intended usage
• Renaissance Architecture


  The style of architecture, reflecting the rebirth of Classical culture, originated in Florence in the early 15thcentury and spread throughout Europe, replacing the medieval Gothic style
• Ten Books on Architecture


  Also known as "De architectura libri decem", consists mostly of a normative theory of design (based on practice), a collection of thematic theories of design with no method of combining them into a synthesis
• Futurism


  Emerged in the early-20th century in Italy, was motivated by anti-historicism and characterized by long horizontal lines and streamlined forms suggesting speed, dynamism, movement, and urgency, founded by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti with his 'Manifesto of Futurism' (1909), along with other creatives such as writers, musicians, artists, and so on, they were all attracted to, and interested in, the new 'cult of the machine age' and the technological changes of the new century
• Neoclassicism


  The 19th century is characterized by a series of revival movements, in which styles of the past re-emerged as symbols of modern power, many Europeans, and Americans, dedicated themselves to the styles of ancient Rome and Greece
• Bauhaus


  The school of design, architecture and applied arts existed in Germany from 1919 to 1933, it included the teaching of various crafts, which he saw as allied to architecture, the matrix of the arts, by training students equally in art and in technically expert craftsmanship, the Bauhaus sought to end the schism between the two
• Industrial Revolution


  Began around 1760 in England, led to enormous changes at each level of civilization throughout the world, the growth of heavy industrial material brought more new building materials which are cast iron, steel, and glass with which architects and engineers rearranged the concept of function, size, and form
• Arts and Crafts Movement


  Originated in England in the mid-19th century as an antidote to the dehumanizing effects of the industrial revolution, it looked back to a time before craftspeople were replaced by machines, its roots were philosophical rather than architectural and it encompassed many art forms
• Functionalism


  The intended uses of new buildings have certainly influenced their architecture long before the emergence of first architects or theories
• International Style


  The architectural style that developed in Europe and the United States in the 1920s and '30s and became the dominant tendency in Western architecture during the middle decades of the 20th century, the most common characteristics are rectilinear forms; light, taut plane surfaces that have been completely stripped of applied ornamentation and decoration; open interior spaces; and a visually weightless quality engendered using cantilever construction
• Cubism


  Avant-Garde Art movement, which was distinct in comparison as every other art style was three-dimensional, this was two-dimensional, it had become an influential factor in terms of architecture and the architects of the movement borrowed heavily from cubist art regarding geometric forms and shapes, diverse elements could be superimposed, made transparent, or penetrate one another
• Postmodernism


  The movement that emerged in the 1960s, described first in a book called "Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture" by Robert Venturi and later in another book by him and his wife Denise Scott Brown, "Learning from Las Vegas", the movement since then has seen a variety of buildings that were built in the previous century and given rise to the ideals that are still followed, Deconstructivism and Critical Regionalism are some movements that have derived from the same
• Elisha Otis


  was an American industrialist and inventor of a safety device that prevents elevators from falling if the hoisting cable fails
• The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 


  was the first world fair held in Chicago, carving out some 600 acres of Frederick Law Olmsted's Jackson Park, the exposition was a major milestone, the site of the exposition itself gained the nickname the "White City" due to the appearance of its massive white buildings, the White City showcased chief architect Daniel Burnham's ideas for a "City Beautiful" movement
• Sir Joseph Paxton 


  was the English landscape gardener and designer of hothouses, who was the architect of the Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London
• Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe


  was the German-born American architect whose rectilinear forms, crafted in elegant simplicity, epitomized the International Style of architecture, believing that less is more, he became the designer of rational, minimalist skyscrapers, houses, and furniture
• John Ruskin and William Morris 


  were the English art critic and designer who pioneered the Arts and Crafts Movement
• Daniel Hudson Burnham 


  was the American architect and urban planner whose impact on the American city was substantial, he was instrumental in the development of the skyscraper and was noted for his highly successful management of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 and his ideas about urban planning
• William Le Baron Jenney 


  was a highly successful architect and the first professor of Architecture (1876-77) at the University of Michigan, he is best known for designing the 10-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago(1884-85), the first high-rise in America to use a metal frame rather than stone and brick
• Louis Sullivan 


  was known for the famous line and design principle, "Form follows function"
• Philibert de L'orme 


  was one of the French theorists who were critical of Italians, proved that Pantheon's Corinthian columns had 3 different proportions, rejected the doctrine of the absolute beauty of measures