Fungi

• Classification of living things (Miller and Levine)

  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Cell type
  • Cell wall structures
  • Number of cells
  • Mode of nutrition
  • Examples
• Domain


  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
• Kingdom


  • Bacteria
  • Archae bacteria
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
• Prokaryote


  Cell type with no true nucleus
• Eukaryote


  Cell type with a true nucleus
• Cell wall structures


  • Cell walls w/ peptidoglycan
  • CW not peptidoglycan
  • CW made of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts
  • CW made of chitin
  • No CW; no chloroplast
• Number of cells


  • Unicellular
  • Most uni; some colonial; some multi
  • multicellular
• Mode of nutrition


  • Auto or hetero
  • hetero
  • autotroph
  • heterotroph
• Examples


  • Xanthomo nas, Erwinia, Streptomyces
  • Methano gens, halophiles
  • Slime molds, oomy-cetes
  • Mushrooms, yeasts
  • Flowering plants, mosses, ferns
  • Sponges, worms, nematodes
• PLANT PATHOGENIC PROTISTS CLASSIFICATION BY AGRIOS


  • Protozoa
  • Kingdom Chromista- Fungal-like Oomycetes
• Protozoa


  • Phylum: Myxomycota
  • Phylum: Plasmodiophoromycota
• Protozoa-like


  • Unicellular, plasmodial, or very simple multicells, phagotrophic (feeding by engulfing food)
• Phylum Myxomycota - True Slime Molds


  • Vegetative body is a plasmodium (a membrane-bound single cell containing multiple nuclei)
  • Fruiting body is sporangium (a small spore container - sessile or stalked)
  • aethalium - masses of completely fused sporangia
  • pseudoaethalium- (fruiting body composed of sporangia closely crowded together)

  
• Phylum Plasmodiophoromycota (Endoparasitic Slime Molds)


  • Plasmodium as vegetative body
  • Zoosporangium as fruiting body
  • Obligate endoparasite of vascular plants
  • One class- Plasmodiophoromycete
• Plasmodiophoromycota diseases


  • Club root of cabbage – Plasmodiophora brassicae
  • Powdery scab – Spongospora subterranea
  • Root disease of beets – Polymyxa betae
• Kingdom Chromista (Stramenopiles)


  • Phylum: Oomycota
  • Class: Oomycetes
  • Order: Saprolegniales (Aphanomyces)
  • Order: Peronosporales
  • Family: Pythiaceae (Pythium, Phytophthora)
  • Family: Peronosporaceae (Plasmopara, Peronospora, Bremia, Pseudoperonospora, Peronosclerospora, Sclerophthora, Sclerospora)
  • Family: Albuginaceae (Albugo)
• Oomycetes (Water Molds)


  • Well-developed aseptate (coenocytic) mycelia containing cellulose and glucans
  • Fruiting body is a zoosporangium
  • Sexual reproduction: Heterogametangia (oogonium and antheridium)
  • Asexual reproduction: Sporangia borne on mycelium or sporangiophore, Spores- zoospores or conidia
• Zoospores


  Spores produced in sporangia, with anterior tinsel-type flagellum and posterior whiplash-type flagellum
• Orders of Oomycetes


  • Saprolegniales
  • Peronosporales
• Families under Peronosporales


  • Pythiaceae
  • Peronosporaceae
  • Albuginaceae
• Pythiaceae


  Causes damping off and root rots
• Genera under Pythiaceae


  • Pythium
  • Pythophthora
• Pythium


  Causes damping off diseases, rots of vegetables, turf diseases
• Phytophthora


  Causes root rots, rots of fleshy tissues, potato leaf blight
• Diseases caused by Pythium and Phytophthora


  • Damping off of seedlings
  • Turfgrass blight
  • Potato leaf blight
  • Brown rot of citrus/citrus gummosis
• Peronosporaceae


  • Obligate parasites of plants, cause downy mildew diseases
  • Sporangia borne in sporangiophores
  • Sporangiophores are branched; determinate in growth
• Diseases caused by Peronosporaceae


  • Downy mildew of cabbage
  • Blue molds of tobacco
  • Downy mildew of lettuce
  • Downy mildew of cucurbits
  • Downy mildew of grapes
• Albuginaceae


  • Obligate parasite of flowering plants
  • Sporangiophores short, club-shaped, indeterminate in growth
  • Sporangia globose, in chain
• Disease caused by Albuginaceae


  • White rust of crucifers
• Diseases caused by Oomycetes


  • Pythium sp. - seed rot, seedling damping-off, root rot, soft rots of fleshy fruits
  • Phytophthora sp. - late blight of potato, root rots, fruit rots, blights, root and stem rots, cankers and diebacks of trees
  • Bremia, Peronospora, Plasmopara, Pseudoperonospora - downy mildews of dicotyledonous plants
  • Peronoslerospora, Sclerophthora, Sclerospora - downy mildew diseases of monocots
  • Albugo - white rust diseases of cruciferous plants
• Kingdom Fungi (True Fungi)


  • Phylum: Chytridiomycota
  • Phylum: Zygomycota
  • Phylum: Ascomycota
  • Phylum: Basidiomycota
• The True Fungi


  • Heterotrophs – obtain food from organic matter (living or nonliving); cannot make its own food; devoid of chlorophyll
  • Nutrition is by absorption
  • Non-motile spores (few Chytridiomycetes have motile reproductive cells)
  • Reproduce by spores (sexual/asexual)
  • Primary stored carbohydrate is glycogen
  • Usually filamentous and multicellular (hyphae/mycelia made up of chitin)
• Phylum: Chytridiomycota


  • Contains a single class- Chytridiomycete
  • About 150 genera; 1000 species
  • The only member of Kingdom Fungi that form motile cells (zoospores or gametes)
  • Thallus (hypha) is coenocytic; either globose or ovoid, elongated hypha or well developed mycelium
  • Zygote formed is converted into: resting spores or resting sporangium

  
• Important Plant Pathogenic Chytrids


  • Olpidium brassicae – root disease of crucifers (vector of lettuce big vein virus)
  • Synchytium endobioticum – black wart of potato
  • Synchytium psophocarpi – orange galls of calamismis (winged bean)
  • Physoderma maydis – brown spot of corn
• Olpidium brassicae causes root disease of crucifers and is a vector of lettuce big vein virus
• Synchytium endobioticum causes black wart of potato
• Synchytium psophocarpi causes orange galls of calamismis (winged bean)
• Physoderma maydis causes brown spot of corn
• Phylum Zygomycota


  • Produce non-motile asexual spores in sporangia
  • Sexual spore is zygospore formed inside a zygosporangium after union of two isogametangia
  • Produce well-developed aseptate mycelium
  • Cell wall has chitin and glucan
  • Habitat- terrestrial saprobic, human pathogens, weakly plant pathogenic, ecto-endo mycorrhizal

  
• Zygomycetes


  • Rhizopus
  • Mucor
  • Choanephora
  • Glomus
  • Gigaspora