MIDTERM

• LANGUAGE is one of the most powerful means through which sexism and gender discrimination are perpetrated and reproduced
• Linguistic abstraction, thus, is a very subtle resource used to represent women in a less favorable way and thus to enact gender discrimination without meaning to discriminate or even be aware that this linguistic behavior has discriminatory results
• GENDER-FAIR LANGUAGE - minimizes unnecessary concern about gender in your subject matter, allowing both you and your reader to focus on what people do rather than on which sex they happen to be.
• WENDY MARTYNA HAS SHOWN THAT THE average reader's tendency is to imagine a male when reading he or man, even if the rest of the passage is gender- neutral.
• PEARSON (1981) masculine rhetoric versus feminine rhetoric, with the first one being decisive, direct, rational, authoritative, logical, aggressive, and impersonal, and the second being cautious, receptive, indirect, emotional, conciliatory, subjective, and polite
• men are more action oriented in their use of language, while women are more relationship oriented;men are more competitive in their language use, while women are more cooperative;
• Men mainly communicate to support their prominence, while women do so to build relationships; b.) Men smile less than women, women use more paralanguage (nonverbal indicators of listening and understanding) than men do; c.) Men will use communicative touching more to confirm their dominance (pat on the back or shoulder), while women will touch for connection (arm-touching or offering a hug), and women use more eye contact than men (Admin/Public Relations ..., 2017)
• John gray's famous book(over 15 million sold worldwide) , men are from mars, women are from Venus, popularized this theory through the title alone.• In reality, we all come from Earth, but men and women do have different ways of speaking, thinking and communicating overall.
• • All humans are highly emotional, men and women simply tend to show it in different ways. While a woman may cry when she's flooded with emotion, a man is more likely to get angry and become violent and stupid.
• MEN ARE RATIONAL WHILE WOMEN ARE EMOTIONAL
• In relation to intelligence, women develop more white brain matter, and men develop more gray brain matter (University of California, Irvine, 2005).
• a male brain represents more information processing centers, and a female brain represents more networking between these processing centers.This doesn't mean that men are smarter than women or vice versa.It simply represents that men and women tend to do things differently
• MEN • Avoid Personal stories • Attempt to control the conversation • Less likely to listen • More aggressive
• WOMEN Share Personal stories • Form groups • Listen Carefully • Less aggressive
• MEN AVOID EYE CONTACT WHILE WOMEN PREFER IT
• MEN ARE MORE RELAXED WHILE WOMEN ARE MORE TENSED IN TERMS OF ATTITUDE.
• FEMALE COMMUNICATION STYLE ✓ Complex ✓ Literate ✓ Socio intellectual ✓ Aesthetic value ✓ Detailed ✓ More Questions ✓ Facilitate Conversation
• • Men and women can learn so much from each other if only the gender communication barriers can be broken. These barriers disappear with time, understanding, and effort
• Deborah Tannen coined the term 'Genderlect' to describe the way that the conversation of men and women are not right and wrong they are just different.
• Deborah Frances Tannen is an American professor of linguistics at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. • Her book "YOU JUST DON'T UNDERSTAND" was published in 1960. • In her book she present a theory named Genderlect about crossgender communication.
• • The fundamental difference is that women have a deep desire to seek connection, while men have a deep desire to seek status.
• In seeking connection, In seeking status, men will prefer solid facts. • To connection, women will talk more about feelings, relationships and people. They will include more emotional elements in their talk and will encourage others to do the sam
• Women talk more in private conversations. In public, there is less opportunity for creating individual relationships and so they may talk less. • Men talk more in a public forum, where their audience has the power to recognize them and give them the status they seek.
• Conflict, for a woman, is a process where connections are reduced, and so they will work hard to avoid them.Men, on the other hand, will use conflict as a short-cut to gaining status. A short, fight quickly establishes the ranking that they prefer, establishing who has more status and position.
• GOALS OF GENDERLECT • The main goal of this theory is mutual respect and understanding. • This theory was in contrast to feminist viewpoints that criticize men for inferior communication which extinguish women
• • Genderlect theory simply identifies the differences between us and encourages us to acknowledge and accept the communicative culture of the other
• Culture is all socially transmitted behaviors, arts, languages, signs, symbols, ideas, beliefs, which is learnt and shared in a particular social group of the same type
• • Cultural differences causes behavior and personality differences like body language, thinking, communication, manners.
• But a point to be noted that two people of same culture (regard less

  of gender) will communicate very well. An Indian woman will feel

  hesitation to communicate with a American man but in the case of

  Indian she will be happy to talk and work with him.
• CULTURAL NORMS • Different cultures owns different communicating etiquettes
• Communication isn't only about speaking. In fact, your movements and presentation can actually speak volumes.
• 1. GETTING INTERRUPTED Solution: Take control. Say: "Excuse me, I wasn't finished," or "Just a minute, I'm still talking.“ 2. SOMEONE TAKES CREDIT FOR YOUR IDEA. Solution: Correct that coworker! Say: "I just said that a second ago," or "Thank you for reiterating my point." 3. YOU HAVE TO CRITIQUE SOMEONE ELSE'S WORK Solution: Forget the fancy talk. Be direct