GenBio 11 - reproduction and development in plants

• ___________ occurs in organisms that require the union between two opposite gametic types with haploid set of chromosomes.

  Sexual Reproduction
• In sexual reproduction, _______or sex cells are usually called _____cell (male) and ____ or egg cell (female).

  gametes, sperm, ovum
• The union of these haploid cells result in a _______ that contains the whole set of chromosomes specific for the species.

  fertilized egg
• Cells

  Sexual: _________

  Asexual: ________

  haploid

  diploid
• The resulting offspring will carry half of the traits from each parent,

  resulting in the ______ of genes and traits in the generation of offspring for every mate and diversity of genes in the species population.

  diversity
• _________ is a process of producing offspring from a single parent organism.

  Asexual reproduction
• There are several ways this can happen (an example is shown in figure 1.2), and the resulting offspring always have identical number of chromosomes as the parent, in other words, each time the parent divides or duplicates itself, it results in ________.

  clones
• ______ can occur naturally and artificially. Many organisms undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction which depends on the availability of sexual mates, hormones that regulate reproductive cycles, and

  many other environmental factors.

  Cloning
• ______ is a process undergone by the newly formed offspring as it undergoes changes to become the adult version of its parent or parents.

  Development
• Multicellular organisms develop from a single-celled fertilized egg or _____ which can undergo a series of cell divisions to form the diverse group of cells that make tissues, tissues into organs, organs into organ systems, and organ systems that make up the entire organism.

  zygote
• __________ is the process of development from zygote to a somatic cell that form part of the organismal body.

  Embryogenesis
• __________ is the process that involves the organization of tissues

  into organs which is the final stage in embryogenesis.

  Organogenesis
• __________—sets the fate of cells or what they will become, this is controlled by

  genes and genes responding to the environment.

  Determination
• __________—the process that cells undergo leading to the specialization of

  functions, this is where cells in multicellular organisms start to form tissues.

  Differentiation
• __________—this involves the organization of specialized cells and tissues into

  organs. It involves the processes of cell division, cell expansion, cell movements and

  apoptosis (programmed cell death).

  Morphogenesis
• _________—involves the increase in size of the organisms through si milar processes in

  morphogenesis which can go on until a certain age but may slow down as the

  organisms reaches maturity which is determined by hormones and other external

  factors.

  Growth
• ___________ occurs in special organs of the plants which include the roots, stems, shoot buds and leaves.

  Vegetative propagation
• Artificial reproduction in plants can be done through cutting,

  layering, grafting, and _________

  micropropagation
• _____________in flowering plants is the asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, does not involve the processes of meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development.

  Apomixis
• the generation of a cell capable of forming an embryo without previous meiosis (_____________)

  apomeiosis
• the spontaneous, no

  fertilization, development of the embryo (_________)

  parthenogenesis
• the ability to either produce

  ________ autonomously or to use an endosperm derived from fertilization.

  endosperm
• The multicellular diploid generation forms the plant structure called the ___________ which

  forms spores through ______.

  sporophyte, meiosis
• This generation forms the plant structure called _________ that produces the gametes

  through mitosis which may eventually undergo fertilization to form the plant sporophyte.

  gametophyte
• The

  transition between the sporophyte and gametophyte generations is called _________ in plants

  alternation of generations
• _______ or conifers are nonflowering plants. Their reproductive organs are

  called ____ which contain the very small male or female gametes.

  Gymnosperms, cones
• ________ or flowering plants bear _____ that contain their reproductive

  organs.

  Angiosperms, flowers
• Most have bright colored flowers to attract pollinators as pollination is an important

  process in the transfer of ________(containing the male gamete) to the _______ (opening

  of the female reproductive organ) which connects down a tube called the pollen tube and

  eventually into the ovary of the female reproductive organ where ovules can be fertilized.

  pollen grains, stigma