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GenBio 11 - reproduction and development in plants
Reproduction in Animals
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Animals known as invertebrates undergo an asexual form of reproduction called
_______ in which new organism (ex. Hydra) form as outgrowths on the body of a parent.
budding
_______ occurs when one adult animal divides into two almost equal-sized
individuals, this is mostly seen among Planaria worms.
Binary fission
________occurs when body
parts of an individual break off into smaller pieces, those smalls parts then regenerate which
eventually grow into the adult size.
Fragmentation
____________occurs when eggs develop into embryos without fertilization which
is observed in some species of bees, wasps, and ants. In honeybees, the males (drones) are
haploid fertile adults that develop from parthenogenesis.
Parthenogenesis
Sexual reproduction in animals requires the mating of the male and female. In some
animals however, finding a mate becomes very difficult. To solve this problem, some species
evolved to adapt, and the result is ________ in which an individual possesses both
the male and female reproductive systems and is common among stationary or sessile animals
like barnacles, clams, burrowing animals, and many parasites like tapeworms. Some
hermaphrodites, like the sea slugs, can both receive and give sperms during mating, while
other species like corals can self-fertilize.
hermaphroditism
When the male dies, a
particular female in the population can undergo a _______transforming it into a male.
More females in the population ensure more offspring for the continuity of the species
population.
sex reversal
These reproductive cycles are controlled by hormones (produced
by ________ or sex organs that also store the gametes) which are also regulated by
environmental conditions (some are seasonal) that are important in ensuring the survival of
offspring.
gonads
Females have the most complex reproductive cycles that include _______, the
release of mature eggs, occurs in the middle of the cycle which can last 15 or more days (in
humans, 28 days).
ovulation
_______ can also last for many months (9 months from conception in
humans), the longest of which is that of the elephants which can be approximately 22 months.
Pregnancy
_______-The females lay the undeveloped eggs. The eggs may have been fertilized
before release, as in birds and some reptiles, or are to be fertilized externally, as in
amphibians and many lower forms.
Oviparity
________-In sharks (and other animals), the embryos develop inside eggs that are
retained within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch.
Ovoviviparity
________-The embryo develops within the female’s body and are delivered through live
birth, ex. humans.
Viviparity
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