3.1-3.2

• Right to a Healthy Environment

  Everyone has the right to live in an environment that supports their health and well-being
• One Health Approach


  Recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health and seeks to address issues at their intersections
• Areas relevant to One Health Approach


  • Ecosystem Health
  • Zoonotic Diseases
  • Climate Change
  • Biodiversity Loss
  • Waste Management
  • Toxicology
  • Wildlife Conservation
• Stockholm Declaration


  The 1972 conference established environmental protection as a major global concern and emphasized state sovereignty over natural resources with the responsibility to prevent environmental damage beyond their borders
• Precautionary Principle


  When faced with potential serious or irreversible environmental damage, the lack of complete scientific certainty shouldn't prevent taking action
• Eco Tourism vs Environment


  Sustainable ecotourism practices should focus on conserving the natural beauty and ecological integrity of coastal ecosystems, not introducing artificial elements that cause harm
• Green Laws in the Philippines aim to ensure sustainable use of resources while protecting ecosystems and communities
• PD705 / RA 9175 - Revised Forestry Code and Chainsaw Act


  1. Manage and protect forest lands

  2. Common violations: illegal logging, occupying forest lands, illegal chainsaw use
• RA9147 - Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act

  1. Protects all wildlife species in the Philippines

  2. Common violations: killing/destroying wildlife, illegal trade/collection, activities in critical habitats, transporting wildlife
• RA7942 & RA706 - Philippine Mining Act of 1995 & People's Small Scale Mining Act


  1. Regulate mining activities

  2. Common violations: large-scale mining without permits, causing pollution, illegal small-scale mining
• NIPAS Act RA7586 (National Integrated Protected Areas System)


  1. Classifies and manages protected areas for ecological preservation

  2. Common violations: harming wildlife/plants without permits, dumping waste, damaging cultural objects
• Marcopper Mining Disaster 1996 highlights the need for stricter enforcement and environmental monitoring to prevent mining disasters
• NIPAS Act protected area categories


  • Strict Nature Reserve
  • Natural Park
  • Natural Monument
  • Wildlife Sanctuary
  • Protected Landscapes & Seascapes
  • Resource Reserve
  • Natural Biotic Areas