History Y8

• Countries

  • Ireland
  • Scotland
  • England
  • Wales
• Wales was governed as part of England


  1536
• Death of Elizabeth I; James VI of Scotland became James I of England

  1603
• James I died; his eldest surviving son, Charles, became king

  1625
• Charles and Europe
• Outbreak of Thirty Years' War in Europe


  1618
• Charles married French princess Henrietta Maria, made alliance with France, and relaxed penal laws against Catholics; he hoped his alliance would enable him to support his sister, Elizabeth, and her husband, in the Thirty Years' War
• Charles and the English Parliament before 1640
• Charles and the English Parliament before 1640


  1. 1625 Charles asked Parliament for tax to fund an army to fight in Europe

  2. 1629-40 11 years of 'personal rule' – Charles ruled without calling parliament; during this time, Charles and Laud imposed severe restrictions on Puritan preaching and publications

  3. 1635 Charles levied Ship Money – a tax to fund the navy – on all towns including those inland
• Charles and Scotland
• Charles and Scotland

  1. 1637 Charles attempted to introduce a new prayer book in Scotland, prompting rebellion

  2. 1639-40 the Scots invaded England; Charles lacked the money to raise a large army, prompting him to call parliament
• Puritans

  Extreme Protestants, fearful of Catholics
• Penal laws


  Laws restricting the rights/freedom of Catholics
• William Laud


  Archbishop of Canterbury 1633, not a Puritan
• Kirk


  Church in Scotland
• Divine right


  Idea that a king had God-given authority to rule
• Charles I and his three kingdoms
• James Stuart


  Son of Mary, Queen of Scots; became king of Scotland in 1567 aged 1; became king of England and Ireland in 1603 after the death of Elizabeth I
• George Buchanan


  Tutor to James I; a Protestant Humanist who had travelled around European universities; influenced by John Calvin, Buchanan believed the Church should be led by elected 'elders'
• James believed that his authority to rule came from God – he had a 'divine right' to rule and his subjects should obey him

  Buchanan disagreed with James, arguing that the people had a right to rebel against and overthrow an 'ungodly' king
• Master Richard


  Parish priest of Dry Drayton, Cambridgeshire; a committed Puritan who aimed to ensure that the villagers of Dry Drayton lived godly, Christian lives focused on prayer, reading the Bible and listening to preaching
• Puritans


  Believed the Church of England established by Elizabeth I was not sufficiently Protestant; they feared that traditional Catholic ways would be reintroduced
• John Cotton


  A famous Puritan preacher
• William Prynne


  A Puritan preacher and writer; in 1637 his ears were cut off as a punishment for his criticism of King Charles
• Anne and William Hutchinson

  Committed Puritans
• Gunpowder Plot - a plot by Catholics to blow up James and make England Catholic raised fears of Catholics among English Protestants


  1605
• 1610-1625 James and his bishops tried to restrict Puritan preaching and publishing; many Puritans fled to North America
• Regicide: execution of Charles I; Cromwell executed Leveller leaders; Cromwell took the army to Ireland to punish Catholics for the 1641 rebellion


  1649
• Drogheda


  One Irish town where Cromwell ordered that the population be killed and burned alive in the church
• Irish prisoners were shipped to the Caribbean to work on sugar plantations; land in Ireland given to Protestant settlers
• Under Puritan influence, strict rules introduced banning entertainments such as theatre and gambling, closing ale houses, and making Sunday and Christmas strictly religious
• The Restoration: Charles I's son, Charles, welcomed back to England as King Charles II

  1660
• Climate change and global crisis
• Little Ice Age


  Global cooling, less warmth from the sun
• Changes in climate and weather patterns
• Drought in the Americas, Africa and South-East Asia
• Cold and wet weather in Europe, China and Japan
• Consequences of climate changes


  • Poor harvests in Britain in the 1620s, 1630s and 1640
  • Delayed Charles's army in 1639
  • Exacerbated suffering in Ireland 1641
  • Caused famine in Scotland and Ireland in the 1640s
  • Made the Parliamentary army unpopular in the late 1640s, allowing the Royalists to fight back in the Second Civil War
• Levellers


  Wanted Parliament in charge, all men to vote, tolerance for Catholics and Protestants
• Diggers


  Wanted to share out the land fairly