guide

• Memory


  A perceptually active mental system that receives, encodes, modifies, and retrieves information
• Memory


  • It has immense potential
  • It is crucial in our life because it helps build bridges in the flow of experiences and allows us to have a sense of continuity
• Learning


  The acquisition of new behaviours through experience
• Memory


  The process of storing the outcomes of learning in the form of information that can be retrieved when required
• Memory and learning are different processes, though both are closely related
• Methods of measuring retention


  • Recall
  • Recognition
  • Relearning
• Recall


  To transfer prior learning or past experience to current consciousness: that is, to retrieve and reproduce information; to remember
• Recognition


  A sense of awareness and familiarity experienced when one encounters people, events, or objects that have been encountered before or when one comes upon material that has been learned in the past
• Relearning


  The method of learning the material another time, which usually takes less time than original learning
• Major systems of memory


  • Sensory Memory
  • Short-term Memory
  • Long-term Memory
• Sensory Memory


  • Duration - Iconic about 1/2 sec, Echoic about 2 sec
  • Capacity - Large
  • Forgetting - Trace decay
  • Encoding - Sensory (Visual) (auditory)
  • Retrieval - Parallel search
• Short-term Memory


  • Duration - 20 Seconds
  • Capacity - 7±2
  • Forgetting - Decay, Interference and displacement
  • Encoding - Phonological or visual
  • Retrieval - Serial exhaustive search
• Long-term Memory


  • Duration - lifetime
  • Capacity - unlimited
  • Forgetting - interference, decay, lack of cues
  • Encoding - semantic and sensory memory
  • Retrieval - Parallel distributed search
• Types of Memory


  • Semantic
  • Episodic
  • Procedural
  • Meta-Memory
• Semantic Memory


  Deals with knowledge, meaning and generalized experiences
• Episodic Memory


  Refers to the experiences which are personal to an individual
• Procedural Memory


  Refers to the experiences which are personal to an individual
• Meta-Memory


  Memory for your memory
• Retroactive Interference


  Current information interferes with what has been retained earlier
• Proactive Interference


  Earlier information in the memory interferes with the current information
• Decay


  Gradual fading of memory traces over time
• Interference


  The blocking of learning or of memory retrieval by the learning or remembering of other conflicting material
• Level of Processing


  While learning some material we may attend to it in detail and process at a deeper level or neglect it and attend at a surface level, which may be a cause of forgetting
• Strategies for Enhancing Memory


  • Deep Processing
  • Attending carefully
  • Minimize Interference
  • Distributed Practice
  • Using memory aids
  • Shorthand codes
• Deep Processing


  Cognitive processing of a stimulus that focuses on its meaningful properties rather than its perceptual characteristics
• Attending carefully


  To learn something well and ensure its retention in long-term, put conscious effort to attend to it carefully
• Minimize Interference


  The more similar the materials to be learned, the more likely they will produce interference. Thus arrange studies so that you don't study similar subjects one right after the other
• Distributed Practice


  The practice periods for a particular task are separated by lengthy rest periods or lengthy periods of practicing different activities or studying other material, rather than occurring close together in time
• Using memory aids


  Use visual imagery to remember objects and places
• Shorthand codes


  Make your own codes, e.g. VIBGYOR - Violet, Indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red
• Repression


  The events and experiences that are threatening or painful are eliminated from our consciousness
• Sigmund Freud gave the concept of Repression
• The stage model of memory (Sensory memory, STM, LTM) was given by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968
• Amnesia refers to a loss of memory due to illness, injury, drug abuse or other causes