cours 6

• Stereotype


  The cognitive component of a biased attitude, defined as a generalization about a group, assigning nearly identical traits to all members of the group, without regard for existing variations among members
• Prejudice


  A hostile or negative attitude, emotional component, towards members of a particular group, based solely on their membership in that group
• Discrimination


  The behavioral component of the biased attitude, defined as an unjustified or harmful action towards members of a group, based on their membership in that group
• Stereotypes of Princeton University students in 1933 (Gilbert, 1951) were highly consistent and remained stable over multiple repetitions until 1969 and across continents until 2010-2019

  
• Stereotype Content Model


  • Explains how we perceive groups based on two key ideas: how friendly or threatening they are (Warmth) and how capable or skilled they are (Competence)
  • Groups seen as friendly and skilled earn our admiration
  • Groups seen as unfriendly but skilled spark envy
  • Groups viewed as friendly but unskilled evoke pity
  • Groups perceived as unfriendly and unskilled draw contempt, leading to serious dehumanization
• Stereotypes


  Generalized beliefs about a particular group of people, often based on limited information or personal experiences
• Levels of stereotypes


  • National stereotypes
  • e.g. those attributed to Germany
• Anglo-Saxon view of Germans


  Preoccupation with anal matters, leading to an exaggerated openness regarding such topics
• German national character


  • Strong anal-erotic element
  • Characterized by diligence, thriftiness, cleanliness, orderliness, and rule-orientation
• Early and strict cleanliness education and swaddling practices in infants


  Possible causes for German national character
• Activation of stereotypes


  1. Boomerang effects when individuals attempt to suppress their prejudices

  2. Stereotypes can influence perceptions and behaviors
• Ethnological analysis of German culture to understand stereotypes better
• Methods used to study stereotypes


  • Surveys involving students from different European Union countries
  • Assessing perceptions of competence and warmth of various nations within the EU
• Understanding the complexities of stereotypes and their impact on individuals and societies can promote inclusivity and combat prejudice
• Stereotype


  The cognitive component of a biased attitude, defined as a generalization about a group, assigning nearly identical traits to all members of the group, without regard for existing variations among members
• Prejudice


  A hostile or negative attitude, emotional component, towards members of a particular group, based solely on their membership in that group
• Discrimination


  The behavioral component of the biased attitude, defined as an unjustified or harmful action towards members of a group, based on their membership in that group
• Stereotypes of Princeton University students in 1933 (Gilbert, 1951) were highly consistent and remained stable over multiple repetitions until 1969 and across continents until 2010-2019

  
• Stereotype Content Model (Fiske et al., 2002)


  • Groups are perceived based on two key ideas: how friendly or threatening they are (Warmth) and how capable or skilled they are (Competence)
  • Groups seen as friendly and skilled earn admiration
  • Groups seen as unfriendly but skilled spark envy
  • Groups viewed as friendly but unskilled evoke pity
  • Groups perceived as unfriendly and unskilled draw contempt, leading to dehumanization
• Stereotypes of social groups in Germany in terms of warmth and competence (Asbrock, 2010)

  • Shown in a 2x2 grid
• Stereotypes of social groups in Romania in terms of warmth and competence (Stanciu, 2017)

  • Shown in a 2x2 grid

  
• Nation stereotypes in the European Union (Cuddy et al., 2009)

  • Shown in a 2x2 grid
• The Anglo-Saxon view of Germans as having a "preoccupation with anal matters" and an "anal national character" (Dundes, 1984)
• Thinking on Autopilot: The automatic activation of stereotypes (Bargh, Chen & Burrows, 1996)


  See experiment on the "Florida effect"
• Boomerang effects when suppressing prejudices (Macrae et al., 1994)


  Participants who successfully suppressed stereotypes in the first round showed more stereotypical responses in the second round
• Automatic Activation of Stereotypes


  • Individuals with a "chronically egalitarian worldview" do not show automatic stereotype activation (Moskowitz et al. 1999)
• Skin color and weapons (Correll et al., 2002)


  Participants made more errors in "shooting" unarmed Black men compared to unarmed White men in a video game

  
• Treatment in psychiatry (Bond et al., 1988)


  Black psychiatric patients were more frequently restrained and medicated compared to White patients
• Prejudices Against Migrants in Germany - Behavioral Data (Klink & Wagner, 1999)


  • Migrants received less favorable treatment in various everyday situations
• Dependent variable (DV)


  Frequency of the use of straitjackets and sedative medication to calm patients
• George Gunnesch-Luca, Social Psychology, 02.04.2024, 22 / 56
• Effects of Social Stereotypes
• Treatment in Psychiatry (Bond et al., 1988)
• Prejudices Against Migrants in Germany - Behavioral Data (Klink & Wagner, 1999)
• Behavioral data


  • Housing offers from providers when calling after a newspaper ad
  • Asking for directions in a city
  • Requesting small change for making a phone call
  • Lost letter technique
  • Behavior of waitstaff in restaurants (time until order is taken)
  • Reservation of seats in a restaurant
  • Reaction to norm violations (cycling through pedestrian zones, frequency of complaints)
  • Call for a posted carpool notice (university cafeteria) for a weekend student carpool, acceptance of the carpool
• Xenophobia in Germany - Behavioral Data (Klink & Wagner, 1999, p. 413)
• Moderator effect


  Significantly smaller effects in direct contact situations (e.g., asking for phone change) compared to situations with no contact (e.g., lost letters) or low contact (phone only)
• Discrimination in the Training Market - (Robert Bosch Foundation, 2014, p. 24)
• Method


  Fake applications with variation of applicant's name
• Explanations of Stereotypes