I. Reproduction & Development

• Kingdom Plantae

  A) angiosperm

  B) gymnosperm

  
• REPRODUCTION - biological process by which new individuals of the same species are produced, ensuring the continuation and survival of that species.
• MODE OF REPRODUCTION - Asexual Reproduction

  • A single parent produces offspring without the involvement of gametes or fertilization.
  • The offspring is genetically identical or nearly identical to the parent, as there is no genetic recombination
• MODE OF REPRODUCTION - Sexual Reproduction

  • Two parents contribute genetic material to produce offspring.
  • Specialized cells called gametes, which are produced by the reproductive organs, combine to form a new organism.
  • The offspring inherits a combination of genetic material from both parents, resulting in genetic diversity.
• Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) - Asexual
• Human - Sexual
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS

  1. Sporophyte Generation =

  • Diploid (2n)
  • In flowering plant, diploid sporophyte is dominant
  • Flowers – reproductive structure in angiosperms.
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION: ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS

  2. Gametophyte Generation

  • Haploid (n)
  • Microspore = male gametophyte • Pollen
  • Megaspore = female gametophyte • Embryo sac within the ovule within an ovary
• Angiosperm: Flower Structure

  COMPLETE Flower Structure

  • Sepals
  • Petals
  • Stamens
  • Carpels

  INCOMPLETE Flower Structure

  • Absence of one or more structure/s listed above
• Flower Structure

  A) Stamen

  B) Carpel

  C) petal

  D) Sepal

  
• Carpel -vaselike structure that represents the female portion of the flower.

  • Stigma -enlarged, sticky knob
  • Style -slender stalk that supports the stigma
  • Ovary -enlarged base that encloses one or more ovules, develops into fruit
  • Ovule -produces and houses egg cells, develops into seed
• Stamen - male portions of flower

  • Anther- saclike structure that produces pollen
  • Filament - slender stalk, holds anther up
• Petal -accounts for the attractiveness of the flower
• Sepal -Leaflike of all the flower parts and are usually green. Protects flowers within.
• Receptacle - This partsupports the flower and connects the parts of the flower to the flower's base.
• Runners

  • spider plants, Bermuda grass, mint, and strawberries

  
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - ANIMAL REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES

  • Most animals reproduce sexually
  • Requires meiosis to produce haploid gametes (sperm and eggs)
  • Gametes united by fertilization to produce the diploid zygote
  • Zygote develops by mitosis into a new multicellular organism
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - Specialized Organs and Parthenogenesis

  • Animals usually produce gametes in specialized organs termed gonads. Testes produce sperm. Ovaries produce eggs.
  • Eggs and sperm are derived from separate germ cells which specialize during development.
• Most animals are dioecious.

  • Separate sexes.
  • Egg of one parent is fertilized by sperm of another.
• EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION

  • Gametes are released and unite outside the bodies of reproducing animals

  
• INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

  • Gametes unite inside the bodies of reproducing animals
  • Copulation - Sexual union to facilitate the reception of sperm, resulting in internal fertilization.
  • In terrestrial vertebrates, males typically have a penis for depositing sperm into the vagina of females.
  • In birds, which have a cloaca, placing a male cloacal opening against a female cloacal opening transfers sperm.

  
• OVIPARITY - Fertilized eggs are deposited outside mother’s body to complete their development
• OVOVIVIPARITY - Fertilized eggs are kept within mother to complete development, young obtain food from egg yolk
• Viviparity - Young develop within mother and obtain nourishment from her blood
• Asexual Reproduction - Budding

  • Formation of a new individual as an outgrowth or "bud" on the parent organism.
  • Once developed, the bud detaches and becomes an independent organism.
  • Ex. Hydra
• Asexual Reproduction - Fragmentation

  • Some animals can regenerate from fragments of their bodies. Each fragment has the potential to develop into a complete organism.
  • Ex. starfish
• Kingdom Animalia - Belongs to the domain of Eukarya

  A) Vertebrates

  B) Invertebrates