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Viruses
: Alive or not?-Contain a Single type of
Nucleic Acid
in Viral --Core : DNA or RNA
-Have an
Outer
protein Coat as small as
20
nm
-Usually
host
specific
-Usually
Cell
Specific
Alive or Not
Acellular
Much
smaller
than even most
bacteria
Can't
reproduce
on their
own
Can't carry out metabolic functions
Don't
process
energy
Viruses can
evolve
Capsids's & Envelopes-Capsid: Protein shell enclosing
nucleic
Acid
built from subunits called capsomeres
-Various capsid shapes : Helical,
Icosahedral
,
Complex
Viral Envelopes (in some viruses only)
-Common in
Animal
Viruses-made
mostly from
host
membranes
-Wraps virus during
exocytosis
Bacteriophages (Phages Phages :
Viruses
that
infect
-Have
DNA
-Have the most
complex
bacteria
-Viral Capsids Elongated head encloses
DNA
-Tail piece for
Attachment
and DNA
injection
2 Specific Replicative Cycles Of Phages-Lytic Cycle: Kills the host cell by lysing it to release
progeny
Viruses
(pg. 9)
*Lysogenic Cycle: replicates the
phage
genome
without destroying the
host
Cell
-Viral DNA Molecule is incorporated into host DNA as a
prophage
segment
-Every time the host divides, it
copies
the
Prophage
(viral DNA segment) and passes the copies to
daughter
cells
*Virulent Phage : Uses only
lytic
cycle
*Temperate Phage: Uses
Cytic
Lysogenic
Cycle
(pg. 11
*Animal Viruses-Animal Viruses are described a productive/latent instead of lytic/Lysogenic Classification Methods
-By DNA or RNA
-By single-stranded or double-stranded
Animal
Virus Type :
Retroviruses
-Most complicated of Animal Viruses Composed of:
-2
identical
ssRNAs
-2 molecules of
reverse transcriptase
that transcribe virus RNA into cell
DNA
-DNA is inserted permanently into host
DNA
at a provirus segment
-Used to make more
viruses
-Example:
HIV
or a
retrovirus
*Viral Disease in Animals
-May release
lysosome
enzymes
-Viral proteins may be
toxic
-May cause
host
cell to make
toxins
-Vaccines :
harmless
components of pathogens to stimulate the
immune
System
Viral
Diseases in Plants
>
2
,
000
known-Most have RNA*Horizontal Transmission: Viruses are transmitted among individuals of the same generation
*
Vertical
Transmission: Generational transmission of Viruses from
Parents
to their offspring
Other Infectious Molecules : Prions*Prions :
Infectious
Proteins
in animals
-Misfolded
proteins that converts other proteins to wrong shape
-Lay
latent
for decades, cause large Vacuoles in brain
*Other infectious Molecules :
Viroids
-Viroids : small,
naked
Circular
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