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Cards (33)
What is the max magnification of a light microscope?
x1500
(beyond this images become
blurred
)
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What
is the max resolution of a light microscope?
200nm
(0.2μm)
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Light
microscope facts:
Limited
magnification
and
resolution
due to the use of light
Can
use live
specimen
Easy to
prep
and use
Staining
is required
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Image from
light
microscope
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What is the max magnification of an electron microscope?
x500,000
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What is the max resolution of an electron microscope?
1nm
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Electron
microscope facts:
Electron beams
have a
shorter
wavelength than light
The
lower
the wavelength the better the
resolution
(small resolution = clear image)
Images are produced in
B+W
,
colour
is added after by a computer
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Transmission
Electron Microscope (TEM) facts
Pass
electrons through
a specimen
Shows
structureswithinthe
specimen
Specimen must be thin and stained with
heavy metals
Stains are very
dense
and electrons can’t pass through them, which bounces them back.
Specimen must be deadProduces
2D
images
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Why
must the specimen be dead in TEM?
heavy
metals
are toxic,
the specimen has to be in a
vacuum
,
put in
resin
and cut very
thin
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Image from
transmission
electron microscope
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Scanning
Electron Microscope (SEM) facts:
Not as powerful
magnification
and
resolution
as TEM
Only shows
thesurfaceof
a specimen
Specimen’s coated with
thin layer
of
metals
- scatters electrons
As electrons hit the surface they bounce back and are measured to produce a
3D
image
Produces
3D
images
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image from a
scanning electron microscope
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What is the definition of magnification?
how much
bigger
an image appears compared to the
original
object
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Why is
electron microscopy important
?
It is
vital
in understanding
cell structure
and function
It allows us to investigate
organelle structures
and roles within the
cell
, giving a greater understanding.
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What
is the definition of resolution?
the ability to distinguish
2
points that are close together as separate points rather than a
fused
image
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What
is the formula for magnification?
Magnification
=
image size
/ actual size
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What
is the stage
micrometer
?
A millimeter long ruler etched onto a slide
has
100
divisions, each of
0.01mm
or 10 micrometers.
It is used to
calibrate
the eyepiece graticule
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What
is an eyepiece graticule?
a glass
disc
in the eyepiece lens that is marked with a fine scale from 1 to
100
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How do you calibrate an eyepiece
graticule
?
Place stage
micrometer
onto microscope
Turn microscope onto
lowest magnification
(
x4
)
Line up the
stage micrometer
and
eyepiece graticule
Find a point where they
line
up perfectly
If the
stage micrometer
is 1mm, each small division is 0.01mm or
100micrometers
Each line on the eyepiece graticule is 1
EPU
- so every big line is
10 EPU
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microscope
image labelled
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What is cell fractionation?
The process where cells are broken up and
organelles
are
separated
so their individual functions can be studied
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Why
must cell fractionation be gentle?
The process used to
separate organelles
must be
gentle
in order to keep them in tact so they still function
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What
is the order of processes in cell fractionation?
Homogenisation
,
Centrifugation
,
Differential centrifugation
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What
is
homogenisation
?
Disruption of
cells
It is carried out in a
buffered
, isotonic and
ice cold
solution in a blender called a homogeniser
This results in a thick 'soup' called
homogenate
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Why
does the solution in homogenisation need to be isotonic?
To maintain
water potential
of the cell, eg prevents
water
from moving in/out to stop any damage.
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Why does the solution in homogenisation need to be ice cold?
To prevent further
enzyme action
which modify
organelles
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Why does the solution in homogenisation need to be buffered?
It prevents a change in
PH
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What
is centrifugation?
The process where components are
separated
based in
size
and density
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What
happens in centrifugation?
The suspension is spun in a centrifuge at a specific speed
Larger, densecomponents are pulled to the bottom of the tube to form asediment
Smaller, less densecomponents remain in the suspension (called
thesupernatant
)
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What happens in differential centrifugation?
The
supernatant
is spun again at higher speed so another organelle forms the
sediment
After each spin the
supernatant
is poured out and spun again at a
different
speed
This process is
repeated
, each time at a
faster
speed
At the end, supernatant fluid only contains
soluble proteins
which can be separated by
electrophoresis.
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Cell
Microscopic
mass of cytoplasm enclosed in a membrane and is the smallest structural and
functional
unit of an organism
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Cell
Provides
structure
to the body by combining into tissues, organs and
organ systems
Absorb
nutrients
Excrete
waste
Respiration
occurs within cells
Transport
View source
Cell
types
Archaea
(Prokaryote)
Bacteria
(Prokaryote)
Eukaryotes
View source
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