Autonomic Nervous System

• what are the two divisions of the ANS


  sympathetic and parasympathetic
• what is always the first neurotransmitter released

  acetylcholine (ACh)
• what type of receptor is always first in the ANS (HINT: what is always the first NT)

  nicotinic receptors
• what are preganglionic fibers and what do they all have in common (what do they all do)

  preganglionic fibers all release ACh and come before the ganglion where the nicotinic receptors are located
• what is dual innervation


  the target organ receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
• true or false: parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation often produces the same response

  false; sympathetic: fight-or-flight; parasympathetic: rest and digest
• true or false: only the sympathetic nervous system have post-ganglionic fibers

  false
• true or false: the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be longer than those of the sympathetic nervous system

  true; the the parasympathetic nervous system normally has a ganglion closer to the target organ meaning the post ganglionic fibers tend to be shorter
• which half of the ANS is also known as the thoraco-lumbar division


  sympathetic
• what is unique about the ganglia in the sANS that are located above the diaphragm


  the post ganglionic fibers begin in the chain ganglia
• what are the three locations of cell bodies that are associated with the sANS

  chain ganglia, collateral ganglia, and adrenal medulla
• true or false: all pre-ganglionic fibers of the sANS have cell bodies in the lateral horns for the spinal cord (T1-L2)

  true
• what is unique about post-ganglionic fibers that are below the diaphragm

  they begin in the collateral ganglia
• describe the difference between the white ramus and the gray ramus in the spinal nerve


  white ramus exits  the chain ganglia while the gray ramus enters the chain ganglia
• where are the cell bpdies of the pre-ganglionic fibers of the pANS located


  in the midbrain and brainstem as well as the sacral regions of the spinal cord
• what is the most important cranial nerve in regard to the pANS


  vagus (CN 10)
• when the sacral cell bodies bundle together, what doe they form


  splanchnic nerve
• what are the two types of cholinergic receptors


  Nicotinic and Muscarinic
• Where are nicotinic receptors found, and are the stimulatory or inhibitory


  location: NMJ and ganglia of the ANSstimulatory
• Where are muscarinic receptors found, and are the stimulatory or inhibitory


  found at the ANS effectors and they can be either stimulatory of inhibitory
• what are the two broad categories of adrenergic receptors

  alpha and beta receptors
• what is the difference in function and location of alpha one and alpha two receptors

  alpha one: generally widespread and normally stimulatory
• what is the difference in location of the three beta receptors


  beta 1: located in the heart, kidneys, liver, and adipose tissuebeta 2: smooth muscle tissue (blood vessles, lungs, bronchi, and intestine)beta 3: adipose tissue
• are adrenergic receptors a part of the parasympathetic or sympathic system


  sympathetic because they require the input of NE or Epi
• what is the one location of sympathetic innervation for the sympathetic division that looks similar to the pANS, and how so


  in sweat glands, ACh is released from the pre-ganglionic fiber onto a nicotinic receptor on the post-ganglionic fiber which releases ACh onto a muscarinic receptor on the sweat gland