BIOL FINAL

• How are plants different from other living organisms on Earth?

  Use sunlight for energy
• Could humans survive without plants? Why?

  No, plants create oxygen
• What is the scientific method and why is it used?


  Method for testing scientific questions. Way for all scientists to accurately test their questions/others experiments
• steps to the scientific method


  1. Ask a question

  2. formulate a hypothesis

  3. Test the hypothesis

  4. Reformulate and retest new hypothesis

  5. Generate conclusion

  6. disseminate the results
• What is the study of plant structure?

  Plant anatomy
• What is the study of plant function?

  Plant physiology
• Plant systematics
• Plant evolution
• What is the study of plant's relationship with the environment?

  plant ecology
• What are the attributes of a living organism?


  1. composed of cells

  2.Grows

  3.Reproduces

  4.Responds to stimuli

  5.metabolizes

  6. Moves

  7. Adapts
• __________ (elements) make up molecules

  Atoms
• _________ (compounds) make up the cells

  Molecules
• ________ make up the tissue

  cells
• _____________ make up the organs

  tissues
• _____________ make up the organism

  organs
• organs make up the ____________

  organisms
• What is an enzyme and what do plants use them for?


  Enzymes speed up reactions.

  
  

  Lower the energy required, and drive metabolism
• what makes up DNA and what is its role in plant growth and reproduction?


  Nucleotides; DNA contains information for making protiens
• _________ facilitate communication between cells

  Cell Wall
• _______________ ______________ regulates movement into and out of the cell (semipermeable)

  Plasma membrane
• The semifluid, translucent substance that forms the living matter in all plant and animal cells. Composed of proteins, fats, and other substances suspended in water, it includes the cytoplasm and (in eukaryotes) the nucleus

  the protoplasm
• the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus


  cytoplasm
• What is tissue and how does it relate to cells and organs


  A group of cells that

  function in a similar or

  coordinated manner

  
  

  Cells make up tissue, tissue makes up organs
• Function: growth (helps plants grow)

  
  

  where cells actively divide

  Meristematic tissue
• Which meristematic tissues are responsible for primary growth?

  Apical meristems
• Which meristematic tissues are responsible for secondary growth?


  Lateral meristems
• What function do xylem serve?


  Conduct water and minerals that are absorbed by the roots through the plant (moves things up)
• How does phloem differ from xylem?

  Moves things down
• Why do plants have roots?

  takes up water and nutrients from the soil, acts as an anchor, stores food for plant
• These increase the absorptive area of the roots surface


  Root hairs
• What are root hairs relation to epidermal cells?


  Root hairs on on the epidermis
• Function of root hairs?

  increase absorptive area of the roots surface (increase surface area)
• How do woody and herbaceous dicot stems differ?


  Woody dicots contain "bark" and "wood", herbaceous do not.
• What is "bark"?


  composed of phloem and periderm
• What is "wood"?


  composed of sapwood (functioning xylem) and Heartwood ( nonfunctioning, older xylem)
• What is the function of guard cells?


  border stomata openings to the outside world.
• What kind of cells are found in the mesophyll and what is their function?

  Palisade, spongy
• Why do leaves have veins also known as vascular bundles?


  Transport water and sugae
• How does leaf anatomy differ in plants from arid environments?


  •

  Thick leaves

  •

  Waxy coating

  •

  Few stomata

  •

  No leaves
• Why do leaves change color in the fall?


  •

  Recycling of nutrients (N and P)

  •

  Breakdown of chlorophyll

  •

  Revealing of carotenoids (yellows)

  •

  Production of anthocyanin (reds)