Metabolism P2

• Carbs/Lipids/Proteins


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
• Final Chapter
• The Big Three


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
• Carbohydrates


  1. Glycogenolysis

  2. Glycolysis

  3. Gluconeogenesis

  4. Glycogenesis
• Lipids


  1. Lipolysis

  2. Lipogenesis
• Proteins


  1. Amination

  2. Transamination

  3. Deamination
• Metabolism


  Sum of all chemical and physical changes that occur in body tissues to maintain life

  
• Metabolic Rate - Basal Metabolism


  Rate of body's energy (usually determined by heat output, it is the total heat from all reactions in body) output for essential activities, measured 12 hours after eating, reclining, and mentally and physically relaxed

  
• Factors that influence metabolic rate


  • body surface area, age, gender, stress, hormones, not exercise
• Nutritional Guidelines - Typical


  • Carbohydrate: 50 - 55%
  • Fat: 30% or less
  • Protein: 15 - 20%
• Cookie

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• Protein Shake


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• Greasy Fried Food


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• Carbohydrates


  Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Amino acids, Simple Sugars
• Lipids


  Fatty Acids, Lipases
• Proteins


  Amino acids, Proteases
• It is only through the metabolic system that we start to understand how we use these molecules in the body
• Macromolecules


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
• These 3 major macromolecules and their pathways are released into the bloodstream, absorbed by cells, and generate ATP to build back up complex carbs, proteins and lipids
• Homeostatic Balance is controlled by the Nervous and Endocrine systems in the storage and mobilization of these 3 macromolecules as needed
• Metabolism


  Sum of all chemical and physical changes that occur in body tissues

  
• Catabolism (catabolic reactions)


  Catabolic Pathway: breaks larger/complex molecules into smaller ones
• Anabolism (anabolic reactions)


  Anabolic Pathway: build smaller/simple molecules to synthesize larger molecules
• Nutrient pool


  All available nutrient molecules distributed in blood
• Body taps into stored reserves when amount of nutrients is low
• Organic molecules are deposited into the cell after being broken down (Catabolic)
• Intracellular catabolic procedures deposit molecules into a nutrient pool
• ATP production or anabolism to replace cellular components requires energy
• The body is always withdrawing and contributing to the NUTRIENT POOL
• Nutrients enter the digestive tract and are broken down (catabolized) to their fundamental building blocks via digestive enzymes and transported to cells in the body
• Glucose has three possible fates


  • Catabolized - make ATP
  • Stored - as Glycogen
  • Converted - to AA or Triglycerides
• Fatty acids and glycerol have one of two general fates


  • Converted/catabolized - to pyruvate/acetyl CoA
  • Stored - as Triglyceride
• Amino acids have three different fates


  • Anabolized - to proteins
  • Converted - acetyl CoA/ glucose or fatty acids
  • Deaminated - produce ammonia
• Once inside the cells, several paths of fate await each of the 3 major nutrients
• Carbohydrate Catabolic (Fasted State)


  1. Glycogenolysis

  2. Glycolysis
• Glycogenolysis


  Breakdown of glycogen (stored form of glucose) to glucose monomers
• Glycolysis


  Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
• Carbohydrate Anabolic (Fed State)


  1. Gluconeogenesis

  2. Glycogenesis
• Gluconeogenesis


  Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate (Amino Acid) molecules
• Glycogenesis


  Formation of glycogen from excess glucose