pre-industrial and post-industrial

• What were characteristics of pre-industrial society?


  Limited communication and transport

  Widespread illiteracy

  Cruel/violent way of life for lower class

  Class divisions - feudal system

  Lived in rural areas
• What is the feudal system?

  A way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service/labour
• What were characteristics of popular recreation in pre-industrial society?


  Occasional

  Local

  Rural - natural resources used

  Basic rules

  Aggressive and male-dominated

  Functional

  Wagering
• How did poor communications and travel affect sport in pre-industrial society?


  Limited games and players could only play against nearby neighbourhoods/towns
• How did illiteracy affect sport in pre-industrial society?

  Rules were basic and organisation of sporting events was limited
• How did lower class life affect sport in pre-industrial society?

  It was cruel and violent so game play was aggressive
• How did long working hours affect sport in pre-industrial society?

  People could only play occasionally
• How did the feudal system affect sport in pre-industrial society?

  Players couldn't earn money by playing
• How did living in rural areas affect sport in pre-industrial society?

  Equipment were finite and poor quality
• What was mob football?


  An activity played by lower classes in pre-industrial Britain
• What were characteristics of mob football?


  Local activity due to limited transport

  Played in fields due to living in rural areas

  Equipment made from natural resources eg pig's bladder for the ball

  Played occasionally due to long working hours

  Basic rules

  Male dominated and highly aggressive

  Eventually banned by local authorities
• What was real tennis?


  Royal tennis - an activity exclusive to the upper class
• What were characteristics of real tennis?


  Courtly and royal in nature

  Complex rules and high moral code

  Civilised

  Played on regular basis

  Played in expensive, purpose-built facilities with specialist equipment

  It was a way of the upper class showing superiority to lower class
• What activity did athletics take the form of?


  Foot racing
• What are characteristics of foot racing?


  Footmen competed as messengers

  Competed with the gentry wagering on them

  Developed into running races

  Patrons received increased social status if competitors were successful

  Races set up by patrons
• When was foot racing at its peak?

  17th-18th century
• What was a patron?


  A member of the gentry who looked after lower class performers
• What were characteristics of athletics in pre-industrial society?


  For the lower class

  Few and simple rules

  Local events

  Set in rural areas

  Betting occurred with wagers placed on the outcome
• What were the Wenlock Olympian games?


  Forerunner to the modern Olympics

  Set up to promote physical and intellectual improvements

  Founded by Dr William Penny Brookes
• What did the Wenlock Olympian games consist of?


  Running, athletics, quoits, football, cricket, hurdles and cycling on penny farthings
• What committee did Dr William Penny Brookes set up in 1866?

  The national Olympian association
• How many spectators did the olympic games in 1866 have?

  10,000
• What is rational recreation?


  Sports that lower classes participated in as a pastime and were designed by the middle class to be well-ordered, organised and controlled.
• What are characteristics of rational recreation?

  Respectability - fair play emphasised

  Regularly played - competitions all over

  Codification of rules - strict and complex written rules

  Officials present to enforce rules

  Purpose built facilities - no space for popular recreation

  Skills and tactics used - positions, tactics etc.
• What was the industrial revolution?

  A period of improvements in industrial technology, mass migration of people from the countryside and factories being the main job source
• What were the initial negative effects of the industrial revolution on sport and recreation?

  Mass migration meant no room for traditional mob games

  Lack of leisure time - 12hr working days, 6 days a week and the sabbath

  Lack of income - couldn't pay for leisure pursuits

  Poor health due to poor living conditions, hygiene and lack of hygiene and energy

  Loss of rights - mob games - criminal

  Lack of public provisions - no private facilities or specialised equipment
• What were the later positive effects of the industrial revolution on sport and recreation?

  Hygiene and health improved due to gradual improvement in living conditions and local provisions eg public baths

  Gradual increase in wages

  Increased leisure time - half day Saturday, early close Wednesday

  Development of new middle class

  Influence of public schoolboys

  Values of athleticism spread

  Industrial patronage - factory owners acted as patrons

  Transport and coms improved - more spectators and print press told everyone fixtures and scores

  Cheaper travel - accessible to more people
• What was urbanisation in the 19th century?


  Large numbers of people migrated from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in factories
• What were the initial negative effects of urbanisation on sport and recreation?


  Lack of space due to lots of buildings

  Large working class population needed entertaining - no facilities

  Loss of traditional mob games - banned

  Change in working conditions - longer hours, low income, no free time
• What were the later positive effects of urbanisation on sport and recreation?

  Lack of space meant purpose built facilities were built

  Large working class population - mass spectatorship

  Loss of traditional sports meant new sports emerged

  Working conditions eventually changed - better income, shorter hours and more free time
• What were the positive effects of the transport revolution on sport and recreation?

  Steam trains and railways developed so:

  Movement of teams and spectators over greater distances

  Improved access to different parts of the country

  Cheaper train travel - working class could travel

  Improved access to countryside so activities like rambling became popular
• What were the positive effects of improved communications on sport and recreation?

  Print media improved so awareness of sport was raised more easily eg when and where fixtures were taking place

  Sporting heroes and role models emerged
• What were the positive effects of the British Empire on sport and recreation?

  Public schools played an important role in spreading the games ethic

  Sport was seen as a way of instilling high moral values in people across the world

  Trading across countries led to communications about sports eg rules and new games

  Young men education to become leaders of British empire - formed NGB's
• What were the effects of increasing public provisions on sport and recreation?


  The development of public baths (Municipal reform act) created more opportunities for working class in rational recreation eg swimming

  Wash house act of 1846 - combat disease caused by poor living conditions and pollution - improved fitness in sport

  First and second class facilities reflect social classes

  Greater social control of working class - avoid drinking and violence

  Productivity at work improved due to increased fitness and health from sport and public provisions - more leisure time then
• What are NGB's?


  National governing bodies
• Why were NGB's set up in the 19th century?


  Sport became increasingly popular with greater participation

  More teams and clubs were forming

  Leagues and competitions needed for these teams

  More national/international comps being organised

  Nationally agreed rules & codification for different sports needed to enable fair competition

  Amateur ideals needed maintaining to avoid professionalism becoming more desired and getting better than amateurs
• How did the church affect sport and recreation in the 19th century?


  Developed the YMCA and promoted healthy mind/healthy body

  Provided halls as venues to improve working class morality

  Promoted association football

  Organised teams, set up clubs and organised competitions eg Aston Villa
• Why did the church support rational recreation?

  A way to enable social control

  Way to promote Christian values

  Way to increase church attendance
• What was the new middle class of the 19th century?


  A new social class that formed as a result of urbanisation and the industrial revolution as they became self-made business men such as factory owners
• How did the new middle class improve sporting provisions?


  Codification - Strict rules developed when public and old university boys played together so NGB's formed

  Competitions and leagues were developed

  Middle class philanthropists, factory owners, church, clergy, governing bodies developed public facilities

  Factory owners increased leisure time for workers with half day Saturdays, early close Wednesday

  Developed professionalism by acting as agents, introducing broken time payments