pre-industrial and post-industrial

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Cards (146)

  • What were characteristics of pre-industrial society?
    Limited communication and transport
    Widespread illiteracy
    Cruel/violent way of life for lower class
    Class divisions - feudal system
    Lived in rural areas
  • What is the feudal system?
    A way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service/labour
  • What were characteristics of popular recreation in pre-industrial society?

    Occasional
    Local
    Rural - natural resources used
    Basic rules
    Aggressive and male-dominated
    Functional
    Wagering
  • How did poor communications and travel affect sport in pre-industrial society?

    Limited games and players could only play against nearby neighbourhoods/towns
  • How did illiteracy affect sport in pre-industrial society?
    Rules were basic and organisation of sporting events was limited
  • How did lower class life affect sport in pre-industrial society?
    It was cruel and violent so game play was aggressive
  • How did long working hours affect sport in pre-industrial society?
    People could only play occasionally
  • How did the feudal system affect sport in pre-industrial society?
    Players couldn't earn money by playing
  • How did living in rural areas affect sport in pre-industrial society?
    Equipment were finite and poor quality
  • What was mob football?

    An activity played by lower classes in pre-industrial Britain
  • What were characteristics of mob football?

    Local activity due to limited transport
    Played in fields due to living in rural areas
    Equipment made from natural resources eg pig's bladder for the ball
    Played occasionally due to long working hours
    Basic rules
    Male dominated and highly aggressive
    Eventually banned by local authorities
  • What was real tennis?

    Royal tennis - an activity exclusive to the upper class
  • What were characteristics of real tennis?

    Courtly and royal in nature
    Complex rules and high moral code
    Civilised
    Played on regular basis
    Played in expensive, purpose-built facilities with specialist equipment
    It was a way of the upper class showing superiority to lower class
  • What activity did athletics take the form of?

    Foot racing
  • What are characteristics of foot racing?

    Footmen competed as messengers
    Competed with the gentry wagering on them
    Developed into running races
    Patrons received increased social status if competitors were successful
    Races set up by patrons
  • When was foot racing at its peak?
    17th-18th century
  • What was a patron?

    A member of the gentry who looked after lower class performers
  • What were characteristics of athletics in pre-industrial society?

    For the lower class
    Few and simple rules
    Local events
    Set in rural areas
    Betting occurred with wagers placed on the outcome
  • What were the Wenlock Olympian games?

    Forerunner to the modern Olympics
    Set up to promote physical and intellectual improvements
    Founded by Dr William Penny Brookes
  • What did the Wenlock Olympian games consist of?

    Running, athletics, quoits, football, cricket, hurdles and cycling on penny farthings
  • What committee did Dr William Penny Brookes set up in 1866?
    The national Olympian association
  • How many spectators did the olympic games in 1866 have?
    10,000
  • What is rational recreation?

    Sports that lower classes participated in as a pastime and were designed by the middle class to be well-ordered, organised and controlled.
  • What are characteristics of rational recreation?
    Respectability - fair play emphasised
    Regularly played - competitions all over
    Codification of rules - strict and complex written rules
    Officials present to enforce rules
    Purpose built facilities - no space for popular recreation
    Skills and tactics used - positions, tactics etc.
  • What was the industrial revolution?
    A period of improvements in industrial technology, mass migration of people from the countryside and factories being the main job source
  • What were the initial negative effects of the industrial revolution on sport and recreation?
    Mass migration meant no room for traditional mob games
    Lack of leisure time - 12hr working days, 6 days a week and the sabbath
    Lack of income - couldn't pay for leisure pursuits
    Poor health due to poor living conditions, hygiene and lack of hygiene and energy
    Loss of rights - mob games - criminal
    Lack of public provisions - no private facilities or specialised equipment
  • What were the later positive effects of the industrial revolution on sport and recreation?
    Hygiene and health improved due to gradual improvement in living conditions and local provisions eg public baths
    Gradual increase in wages
    Increased leisure time - half day Saturday, early close Wednesday
    Development of new middle class
    Influence of public schoolboys
    Values of athleticism spread
    Industrial patronage - factory owners acted as patrons
    Transport and coms improved - more spectators and print press told everyone fixtures and scores
    Cheaper travel - accessible to more people
  • What was urbanisation in the 19th century?

    Large numbers of people migrated from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in factories
  • What were the initial negative effects of urbanisation on sport and recreation?

    Lack of space due to lots of buildings
    Large working class population needed entertaining - no facilities
    Loss of traditional mob games - banned
    Change in working conditions - longer hours, low income, no free time
  • What were the later positive effects of urbanisation on sport and recreation?
    Lack of space meant purpose built facilities were built
    Large working class population - mass spectatorship
    Loss of traditional sports meant new sports emerged
    Working conditions eventually changed - better income, shorter hours and more free time
  • What were the positive effects of the transport revolution on sport and recreation?
    Steam trains and railways developed so:
    Movement of teams and spectators over greater distances
    Improved access to different parts of the country
    Cheaper train travel - working class could travel
    Improved access to countryside so activities like rambling became popular
  • What were the positive effects of improved communications on sport and recreation?
    Print media improved so awareness of sport was raised more easily eg when and where fixtures were taking place
    Sporting heroes and role models emerged
  • What were the positive effects of the British Empire on sport and recreation?
    Public schools played an important role in spreading the games ethic
    Sport was seen as a way of instilling high moral values in people across the world
    Trading across countries led to communications about sports eg rules and new games
    Young men education to become leaders of British empire - formed NGB's
  • What were the effects of increasing public provisions on sport and recreation?

    The development of public baths (Municipal reform act) created more opportunities for working class in rational recreation eg swimming
    Wash house act of 1846 - combat disease caused by poor living conditions and pollution - improved fitness in sport
    First and second class facilities reflect social classes
    Greater social control of working class - avoid drinking and violence
    Productivity at work improved due to increased fitness and health from sport and public provisions - more leisure time then
  • What are NGB's?
    National governing bodies
  • Why were NGB's set up in the 19th century?

    Sport became increasingly popular with greater participation
    More teams and clubs were forming
    Leagues and competitions needed for these teams
    More national/international comps being organised
    Nationally agreed rules & codification for different sports needed to enable fair competition
    Amateur ideals needed maintaining to avoid professionalism becoming more desired and getting better than amateurs
  • How did the church affect sport and recreation in the 19th century?

    Developed the YMCA and promoted healthy mind/healthy body
    Provided halls as venues to improve working class morality
    Promoted association football
    Organised teams, set up clubs and organised competitions eg Aston Villa
  • Why did the church support rational recreation?
    A way to enable social control
    Way to promote Christian values
    Way to increase church attendance
  • What was the new middle class of the 19th century?

    A new social class that formed as a result of urbanisation and the industrial revolution as they became self-made business men such as factory owners
  • How did the new middle class improve sporting provisions?

    Codification - Strict rules developed when public and old university boys played together so NGB's formed
    Competitions and leagues were developed
    Middle class philanthropists, factory owners, church, clergy, governing bodies developed public facilities
    Factory owners increased leisure time for workers with half day Saturdays, early close Wednesday
    Developed professionalism by acting as agents, introducing broken time payments