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My PE paper 1
Sport and society
pre-industrial and post-industrial
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My PE paper 1 > Sport and society > pre-industrial and post-industrial
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What
were characteristics of
pre-industrial society?
Limited communication
and
transport
Widespread illiteracy
Cruel/violent way of
life for
lower class
Class divisions
-
feudal system
Lived in
rural areas
What is the feudal system?
A way of
structuring society around a relationship
derived from the
holding of land in exchange for service/labour
What
were characteristics of
popular recreation
in pre-industrial society?
Occasional
Local
Rural
-
natural
resources used
Basic rules
Aggressive
and
male-dominated
Functional
Wagering
How
did poor communications and travel affect sport in pre-industrial society?
Limited
games
and players could only play against
nearby
neighbourhoods/towns
How did illiteracy affect sport in pre-industrial society?
Rules
were
basic
and
organisation
of sporting events was
limited
How did lower class life affect sport in pre-industrial society?
It was
cruel
and
violent
so game play was aggressive
How did long working hours affect sport in pre-industrial society?
People could only play
occasionally
How did the feudal system affect sport in pre-industrial society?
Players couldn't earn
money
by playing
How did living in rural areas affect sport in pre-industrial society?
Equipment
were
finite
and poor quality
What
was mob football?
An activity played by
lower
classes in
pre-industrial
Britain
What
were characteristics of mob football?
Local
activity due to
limited
transport
Played in fields due to living in
rural
areas
Equipment made from
natural
resources eg
pig's bladder
for the ball
Played occasionally due to
long
working hours
Basic rules
Male
dominated and highly
aggressive
Eventually
banned
by local authorities
What
was real tennis?
Royal tennis
- an activity exclusive to the
upper class
What
were characteristics of real tennis?
Courtly
and
royal
in nature
Complex
rules and
high moral code
Civilised
Played on
regular
basis
Played in
expensive
,
purpose-built
facilities with specialist equipment
It was a way of the upper class showing
superiority
to
lower
class
What
activity did athletics take the form of?
Foot racing
What
are characteristics of foot racing?
Footmen competed as messengers
Competed with the gentry wagering on them
Developed into running races
Patrons received increased social status if competitors were successful
Races set up by patrons
When was foot racing at its peak?
17th-18th
century
What
was a patron?
A member of the
gentry
who looked after
lower
class performers
What
were characteristics of athletics in pre-industrial society?
For the
lower
class
Few
and
simple
rules
Local
events
Set in
rural
areas
Betting
occurred with
wagers
placed on the outcome
What
were the Wenlock Olympian games?
Forerunner to the modern
Olympics
Set up to promote physical and intellectual improvements
Founded by Dr William Penny Brookes
What did the Wenlock
Olympian
games consist of?
Running, athletics, quoits, football,
cricket
, hurdles and cycling on
penny farthings
What committee did Dr William Penny Brookes set up in 1866?
The national
Olympian
association
How many spectators did the olympic games in 1866 have?
10,000
What
is rational recreation?
Sports that
lower
classes participated in as a pastime and were designed by the
middle
class to be well-ordered, organised and controlled.
What are characteristics of rational recreation?
Respectability
- fair play emphasised
Regularly
played - competitions all over
Codification
of
rules
- strict and complex written rules
Officials present to enforce rules
Purpose built facilities
- no space for popular recreation
Skills
and
tactics
used - positions, tactics etc.
What was the industrial revolution?
A period of improvements in industrial technology,
mass migration
of people from the
countryside
and factories being the main job source
What were the initial negative effects of the industrial revolution on sport and recreation?
Mass
migration
meant no room for traditional mob games
Lack of
leisure
time - 12hr working days, 6 days a week and the sabbath
Lack of
income
- couldn't pay for leisure pursuits
Poor
health
due to poor living conditions, hygiene and lack of hygiene and energy
Loss of
rights
- mob games - criminal
Lack of public
provisions
- no private facilities or specialised equipment
What were the later positive effects of the industrial revolution on sport and recreation?
Hygiene and
health improved
due to gradual improvement in living conditions and local provisions eg
public baths
Gradual
increase
in
wages
Increased
leisure time
- half day Saturday, early close
Wednesday
Development of new
middle class
Influence of
public schoolboys
Values of
athleticism spread
Industrial patronage
-
factory owners
acted as patrons
Transport and coms improved - more
spectators
and
print press
told everyone fixtures and scores
Cheaper travel
-
accessible
to more people
What
was urbanisation in the 19th century?
Large numbers of people migrated from
rural
areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in
factories
What
were the initial negative effects of urbanisation on sport and recreation?
Lack of
space
due to lots of buildings
Large
working
class population needed entertaining - no
facilities
Loss of
traditional
mob games -
banned
Change in working conditions -
longer
hours, low income, no
free
time
What were the later positive effects of urbanisation on sport and recreation?
Lack of
space
meant purpose built
facilities
were built
Large
working class
population -
mass spectatorship
Loss of
traditional
sports meant
new
sports emerged
Working conditions eventually changed - better
income
,
shorter
hours and more free time
What were the positive effects of the transport revolution on sport and recreation?
Steam trains
and
railways
developed so:
Movement of
teams
and
spectators
over greater distances
Improved access
to different parts of the country
Cheaper
train travel - working class could
travel
Improved access
to
countryside
so activities like rambling became popular
What were the positive effects of improved communications on sport and recreation?
Print media improved so
awareness
of sport was raised more easily eg when and where
fixtures
were taking place
Sporting
heroes and
role models
emerged
What were the positive effects of the British Empire on sport and recreation?
Public schools
played an important role in spreading the
games
ethic
Sport was seen as a way of instilling
high moral values
in people across the
world
Trading across countries led to communications about sports eg
rules
and
new games
Young men education to become leaders of
British empire
- formed
NGB's
What
were the effects of increasing public provisions on sport and recreation?
The development of public baths (
Municipal reform
act) created more opportunities for
working
class in rational recreation eg swimming
Wash house
act of 1846 - combat disease caused by poor living conditions and pollution - improved
fitness
in sport
First and second class facilities reflect
social
classes
Greater
social
control of working class - avoid drinking and
violence
Productivity at work improved due to
increased
fitness and health from sport and public provisions - more
leisure
time then
What are NGB's?
National
governing
bodies
Why
were NGB's set up in the
19th
century?
Sport became
increasingly popular
with
greater participation
More
teams
and
clubs
were forming
Leagues
and competitions needed for these
teams
More
national
/
international comps
being organised
Nationally agreed rules & codification for different
sports
needed to enable
fair competition
Amateur ideals
needed maintaining to avoid professionalism becoming more desired and getting better than
amateurs
How
did the church affect sport and recreation in the 19th century?
Developed the
YMCA
and promoted
healthy mind
/healthy body
Provided halls as
venues
to improve
working class morality
Promoted association
football
Organised teams, set up
clubs
and organised competitions eg
Aston Villa
Why did the church support rational recreation?
A way to enable
social control
Way to
promote
Christian values
Way to increase
church attendance
What
was the new middle class of the 19th century?
A new
social
class that formed as a result of urbanisation and the industrial revolution as they became
self-made
business men such as factory owners
How
did the new middle class improve sporting provisions?
Codification
- Strict
rules
developed when public and old university boys played together so NGB's formed
Competitions
and
leagues
were developed
Middle
class philanthropists,
factory
owners, church, clergy, governing bodies developed public facilities
Factory owners increased
leisure
time for workers with half day Saturdays, early close
Wednesday
Developed
professionalism
by acting as agents, introducing broken
time
payments
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