apush terms

• Recognizes time BEFORE Columbus
• ~54 million people lived in the Americas
• Very developed societies, governments, cultures, economies
• Diversity was highly dependent on geography
• Native cultures


  • Incan
  • Mayan
  • Aztec
  • Iroquois
  • Mississippian
  • Pueblo
• Establishment of Jamestown, first successful and lasting English colony in the "New World"

  1607
• Columbus to Spain's King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, 1498: '"I have come to believe that this is a mighty continent which was hitherto unknown…Your Highnesses have an Other World here."'
• Impact of Geography


  1. Describe the geography of each settlement

  2. What similarities and differences are there between the two cities

  3. Explain the impact of geography on various native cultures
• The map offers clues to the European mentality of other people
• Misconceptions about the geography of the Americas may have influenced further exploration and settlement patterns
• Motives for European Exploration


  • Social
  • Political/World Power
  • Economic
• How European nation-states facilitated exploration


  • Invention of the caravel, compass, printing press
  • Access to west coast of Africa
  • Portuguese adopted African and Arab slave trading methods to fuel their plantation system via the Middle Passage
  • After Columbus, the "New World" was the site for European nation-state competition
• Impacts of the Columbian Exchange


  • New species of plants and animals were introduced on both continents
  • Germs were exchanged on both sides
  • Facilitated population change in the Old World and New World
  • Solidified the transition from feudalism to capitalism
  • Increased nation-state competition and solidified colonial system
  • Entrenched the plantation system, the African slave trade, and the Spanish encomienda system
• Some impacts were beneficial for either the New World or the Old World, while others were detrimental
• European Nation-States Compete


  • Spanish
  • English
  • French
  • Netherlands (Dutch)
• Why did the Spanish tend to settle and intermarry with native populations whereas the English separated themselves?


  These patterns of interaction affected both groups
• Spanish Empire Characteristics


  • Encomienda System
  • Mission System
  • Conquistadores
• Valladolid Debate


  1. Compare the perceptions of Native Americans

  2. What evidence did Spanish use to justify their perceptions of Native Americans

  3. To what extent did these views persist over time

  4. How did the New Laws of 1542 challenge the original perception

  5. How did the Pueblo Revolt challenge the original perception
• Horses brought by Spanish allowed for migration across Great Plains
• Disease caused massive population decline and loss of verbal language and cultural stories
• Trade outcomes highly dependent on European perceptions
• Spanish had economic alliances and Catholic missionaries
• French had economic alliances and Catholic missionaries
• English desired full separation; series of wars and goal
• Inland Native American tribes were relatively insulated for a while
• Jamestown


  First permanent, successful English settlement on Atlantic seaboard
• Jamestown founded


  1607
• Seven Years War


  1754
• Seven Years War


  • A war between France and England in North America
  • English win and solidify territory
  • Cost of the war triggers increased taxation
  • Makes colonists question British loyalty
• The Seven Years War is also called the French and Indian War
• Watershed event


  Triggers for American Revolution
• European Colonization


  • Competition between Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands
  • Different goals for colonization led to different social and economic systems
• Encomienda/missions


  • Trade
• Separation


  Between European colonial powers
• Native American Relationships


  • Perceptions of native peoples influenced European legal/social systems
  • Valladolid Debate
  • Mixed race marriages and mestizos/Métis
• Columbian Exchange


  • Fueled the transition from feudalism to capitalist mercantilism
  • Exchange of goods and people created triangle trade
  • Grew wealth of Europe at expense of colonies
  • Established enslaved African labor trade
  • Disease took greatest toll on Native American population
• England had 32 colonies in North America by 1775, but only 13 unite and rebel
• Why the 13 colonies rebelled


  • Social, political, and economic structures in the 13 Atlantic seaboard colonies established between 1607 and 1754 created the environment for rebellion
  • There was a gradual appearance of a distinct American identity over time
• Economics


  • Americans enjoyed a higher standard of living than their European counterparts
  • 90% of people involved in agriculture
  • Limited manufacturing
  • Rum, beaver hats, iron forges, cottage industry for home goods
  • Lumbering into ships was most significant
  • 1/3 of the British navy was built in American colonies
  • Lawyers and doctors not highly esteemed
  • Religious clergy was respected
• Cash crops


  • Tobacco
  • Whale oil