Cecchin

• Mayans, Incans, and Aztecs


  Mesoamerican major empires that interacted with colonizing Spanish
• Cahokia


  The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri
• maize


  An early form of corn grown by Native Americans
• Three sisters agriculture


  Native American method of planting corn, beans, and squash together to maximize yields
• American Southwest Tribes


  Examples are: Hopi, Apache, and Navajo; tribes which adapted to the desert environment
• Mississipi River Valley Tribes

  Sauk, Potawatomi, Illinois tribes; use farming techniques
• Iroquois Confederation


  Bound together five tribes-the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas-in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State.
• Atlantic Seaboard Tribes


  Huron, Powhatan, Iroquois tribes; some of the first to interact with English and French colonists
• Great Plains Tribes


  Lakota, Cheyenne, Osage tribes; use horses well to follow buffalo
• Northwest Tribes


  Chinook, Tillamook tribes; adapted to fishing environment
• Southeast Tribes


  Cherokee, Chicksaw, Creek tribes; often interacted with Spanish
• feudalism


  A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
• nation-state


  a sovereign territory whose citizens are all relatively similar in culture; develop around 1648 in Europe
• Protestant Reformation (1517)


  A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of various churches.
• New World


  the name given by Europeans to the Americas, which were unknown to most Europeans before the voyages of Christopher Columbus
• caravel


  a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries which made exploration of the western coast of Africa possible
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)


  An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
• Columbian Exchange


  The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
• capitalism


  Economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. European colonization of the Americas, and in particular, the discovery of vast bullion deposits, helped bring about Europe's transition to capitalism.
• encomienda system


  Spanish government's policy to "commend", or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.
• conquistadores


  16th century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires
• mestizos


  People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.
• The Middle Passage


  A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
• New Laws of 1542


  laws instituted by the king of Spain after he was convinced by Bartolomé de las Casas. They outlawed the forced labor of the Native Americans, noted that the natives should be given religious instruction, and made it difficult for people to inherit encomienda estates
• Valladolid Debate (1550-1551)


  Concerned the treatment of natives of the New World. Bartolomé de las Casas argued Amerindians were creations of God and deserved same treatment as Christian Europeans. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda thought that the natives should be slaves because of their crimes against nature and against God.
• Pueblo Revolt (1680)


  Pueblo Indian rebellion which successfully defeated Spanish settlers in New Mexico
• Black Legend


  False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.
• fur-trapping


  The primary economic pursuit of early settlers in New France
• primogeniture


  Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas.
• joint-stock company


  A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.
• colonial charter


  guaranteed the settlers the same rights as the people of England. Allowed settlers to believe that the colonies were just an expansion of England, and not a separate nation, which encouraged people searching for more land to expand.
• Roanoke Island (1585)


  Sir Walter Raleigh's failed settlement off the coast of North Carolina
• English defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)


  marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire
• Jamestown (1607)


  First permanent English settlement in the New World located in Virginia by the Virginia Company of London.
• Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-1646)


  Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement.
• Chesapeake


  Maryland, Virginia
• New England Colonies


  Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire
• Middle Colonies


  New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
• Southern Atlantic and British West Indies


  North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
• proprietary colonies


  Colonies-Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware-under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors.