One sentence that expresses the main idea of a research paper, focusing ideas into one or two sentences and presenting the topic and the writer's position
Leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry, establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research, summarizes current understanding, states the purpose, explains the methodological approach, highlights potential outcomes, and outlines the remaining structure
Summarizes the previous findings about the research topic and identifies the gaps in the literature, a detailed review of existing literature relevant to the topic
Identifies the design, sample, instrument and procedures that will be used in research, allows the reader to critically evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability
Involves examining and processing research data, in order to answer the questions that the study is trying to address, identifying patterns and drawing out the main themes
Lists of works (such as books and articles) written on a particular subject or by a particular author, can also be referred to as a list of works cited
Understanding the intricate terminological details of the technical and scientific contexts helps students comprehend the main message of the document, and helps specialists to transmit the content more effectively
An art of scientific investigation, a careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern or issue using the scientific method, regarded as a systematic effort to gain new knowledge
Leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry, establishes the scope, context and significance of the research, summarizes current understanding and background information, states the purpose and research problem, explains the methodological approach, highlights potential outcomes, and outlines the structure of the paper
Provides an overview of sources explored including books, scholarly articles and other relevant sources to demonstrate how the research fits within a larger field of study and gives a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject