Heart

• Circulatory system in fish

  Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the gills where it collects oxygen and becomes oxygenated, the oxygenated blood then passes straight from the gills to the organs where the oxygen diffuses out of the blood and into the body cells, the blood now returns to the heart
• Problem with single circulatory system in fish

  The blood loses a lot of pressure as it passes through the gills before reaching the organs, this means the blood travels to the organs relatively slowly so it cannot deliver a great deal of oxygen
• Circulatory system in humans

  Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs where it collects oxygen, this oxygenated blood then returns to the heart, the heart now pumps the oxygenated blood to the organs where the blood transfers its oxygen to the body cells, the blood now returns back to the heart
• Benefit of double circulatory system in humans

  Because the blood passes through the heart twice, it can travel rapidly to the body cells delivering the oxygen that the cells need
• Heart


  • An organ consisting mainly of muscle tissue
  • The job of the heart is to pump blood around the body
• Heart chambers


  4 chambers - left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle
• Valves


  Separate the atria from the ventricles
• Blood vessels entering/leaving the heart

  • Vena cava (brings in deoxygenated blood from the body)
  • Pulmonary artery (blood passes from the heart to the lungs)
  • Pulmonary vein (oxygenated blood passes from the lungs to the heart)
  • Aorta (blood is pumped from the heart to the body)
• Pattern of blood flow through the heart

  1. Blood enters the left and right atria

  2. Atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles

  3. Ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart

  4. Valves prevent backflow into the atria
• Left ventricle


  • Has a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle, as it pumps blood around the entire body and needs to provide greater force
• Coronary arteries


  Branch out of the aorta and spread into the heart muscle, their purpose is to supply oxygen to the muscle cells of the heart
• Pacemaker


  A group of cells found in the right atrium that control the natural resting heart rate
• Artificial pacemaker


  A small electrical device implanted by doctors to correct irregularities in the heart rate when the natural pacemaker stops working correctly
• Cardiovascular diseases

  Diseases of the heart and blood vessels
• Cardiovascular diseases


  • They are non-communicable, meaning they cannot be passed from person to person
• Coronary heart disease


  1. Layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries

  2. Coronary arteries narrow

  3. Reduces blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle

  4. Can result in a heart attack
• Statins

  Drugs which reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood, slowing down the buildup of fatty materials in the arteries
• Statins

  • Effective at reducing the risk of coronary heart disease
  • Can cause unwanted side effects like liver problems
• Stent insertion


  1. Stent is a tube inserted into the coronary artery to keep it open

  2. Allows normal blood flow but does not treat underlying causes
• Heart valve issues


  Valves do not fully open or are leaky, causing the heart to work harder
• Mechanical heart valves


  Made of metal, can last a lifetime but increase risk of blood clots
• Biological heart valves


  From animals, do not last as long and may need replacement, but no need for anti-clotting drugs
• Heart failure


  Heart cannot pump enough blood around the body
• Heart transplant


  Donated heart or heart and lungs, but limited availability and risk of rejection
• Artificial heart


  Temporary solution, increases risk of blood clotting, not a long-term treatment for heart failure
• This Photo


  Unknown Author, licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
• The crusades contents


  • Map of the Crusades
  • Why was Jerusalem important
  • Why did people join the crusades
  • The first crusade
  • The second crusade
  • The third crusade
  • The fourth crusade
  • The children's crusade
  • The fifth, sixth and seventh crusade
  • The last crusade
  • Why did the crusades end
  • Consequences of the crusades
  • My film review
  • Bibliography
• Map of Europe during the crusades
• Why was Jerusalem so important?


  Jerusalem was an important city for religion because for Christians, Jesus was born in the city, and spent most of his life there. It was important for Jews as well as Jerusalem was considered the Centre of the world, where god resided, as well as thought as being the location of the foundation stone from which the world was created and being where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac. For Islam's, Jerusalem is important because it is considered a sacred site in Islamic, tradition, along with mecca and medina. Islamic traditions hold that previous prophets were associated with the city. And that the Islamic prophet Muhammad visited the city at night. This was an important journey. Therefore, with all these religions having so much to do with Jerusalem and wanting it all to themselves, this could cause jealousy, battling and war
• Why did people join the Crusades?


  People joined the crusades because for religious citizens, the pope claimed that it was their Christian duty to join, and it would count as one of their sins if they did not. Of course, all the Christians wanted to go to heaven, so they joined the crusades. Knights joined as they would have probably been promoted a higher position for being courageous and could have a chance to be known as a hero. They could have also earned more money. Other citizens joined for the adventure and the glory that it would bring, and to become more famous. They also wanted to feast, steak, and kill, and steal all the Muslims Goods and to win Jerusalem back. After the crusades, there was also more food for example spices, sugar and citrus fruits, there was also more books so we had more knowledge and education on our ancestors, would teach about religion and it would increase skills like reading and writing. Without the Muslims books, we probably would not know what we know today about our ancestors.
• The First Crusade


  1. Christians, known as franks, from France, Germany and Italy set out on a long, exhausting journey to the Holy land, led by nobles and knights

  2. After a long journey they arrived at their destination and captured Jerusalem in 1099, The battle was brutal, with more than 1000 people killed as well as women and children. A Christian source at the time said The slaughter was so great that our men waded in blood up to their ankles

  3. Christians took control over the al Aqsa mosque and the dome of the rock along with lots of other valuable goods, they were determined to win Jerusalem back!
• The second Crusade


  1. After uniting large parts of Syria, Palestine and Egypt, a powerful Muslim leader called Saladin who had great military tactics took back Jerusalem in 1187

  2. Saladin said that he would let them leave in safety for ransom, and he showed mercy. Saladin instructed them to leave the city at first, but then said that they had permission to return and build pilgrimages in the future.
• The Third Crusade


  1. After this humiliating defeat, it lead on to the third crusade, this time including English Christians led by Richard the lionheart

  2. Richard and the other crusading armies did not even make it as far as Jerusalem which was an embarrassing failure, and adding on to that Richard the lionheart was kidnapped and held for ransom

  3. The Christians underestimated the Muslims a lot, they were military and scientifically stronger than the crusades. It was also better in regards to politics and cultures
• The fourth crusade


  1. The Pope wanted to unite western and eastern Christians under his control. He unfocused this Crusade, with the help of Venice, and captured Constantinople in 1204

  2. Christians fought Christians which was a terrible mistake, and it wasted a lot of time and was almost completely unnecessary and led to quarrelling
• The Children's Crusade


  1. A boy named Stephen of Cloves was tired of the failure of the adult Crusades and decided to create the children's Crusade

  2. It turns out that it was a hard journey to the crusades on its own and some of the children even died trying to get there and the few weak survivors who did barley manage were captured and sold as slaves, this was quite a sad event, and some of them even died. They also lost some goods that they brought along travelling with them.
• Fifth sixth and seventh crusade


  1. From 1217 1250 were the fifth sixth and seventh crusade, led by louix 1x of France

  2. Unfortunately none of these attempts managed to gain Jerusalem back. Louix was defeated at Mansural and taken as prisoner. He was released for ransom and eventually gave up. He also mounted the seventh crusade but this invasion also failed. The Christians were failing every time they tried to gain Jerusalem back
• The last Crusade


  1. The last Crusade started in1396. It started because Pope Boniface called for a crusade to limit the power of the Muslims in south east Europe

  2. The Christian army were led by Sigismund, King of Hungary. The Crusader knights travelled to the fortress of Nicopolis, in Bulgaria

  3. When the battle started and they realised that the ottam Turks were only a few hours away, they panicked, as this battle was rather ill prepared by the Christian army, when battle did commence, The French were cut off and whilst the Hungarian knights were trying to desperately help the French, they were completely outnumbered by the Turkish cavalry

  4. After the battle, Most of the prisoners were executed
• Why did the crusades end?

  In 1291, one of the only remaining Crusader cities, Acre, fell to the Muslims. Many historians believe this defeat marked the end of the Crusader States and the Crusades themselves. The crusaders were devastated, and realised that their mission was unsuccessful
• Consequences of the crusade


  • New foods (spices, sugar, citrus fruits)
  • Cotton and silk (changing fashion)
  • Pigeons (to carry messages)
  • Knowledge from the Muslims (counting, maths, chess, ancient Greek books, arts, diseases)
  • Warfare (arches, defensive weapons, attack techniques)
• My Film Review: 'The film the kingdom of heavens is based on the crusaders and how they tried to win Jerusalem back. The scenes from the film showed how much the Christians underestimated the Muslims military tactics, intelligence, and weapons which made them unprepared as they did not know what to expect for when battle came. Saladin captured Jerusalem in 1187 but afterwards he made a surprising choice. He claimed that he would let the Christians leave unharmed. They would have to leave the city at first but afterwards in 1192 he makes a deal with Richard the lionheart that they would be allowed to return and build pilgrimages and Jerusalem will be unharmed'