DIGEST PPT NI MAAM

    Cards (29)

    • Nutrition
      Any substance required for the growth and maintenance of an organism
    • Types of organisms based on mode of nutrition

      • Autotrophs - organisms that obtain energy from sunlight & chemicals to produce their own food
      • Heterotrophs - organisms that cannot make their own food & obtain their energy from other organisms
    • Autotrophs
      • plants, chemosynthetic bacteria
    • Heterotrophs
      • fungi, animals
    • Plant nutritional requirements

      • water
      • carbon dioxide
      • essential macro & micronutrients/elements
    • Plant specialized absorptive structures

      • root hairs
      • root nodules (where N-fixing bacteria thrive)
      • mycorrhizae (a symbiotic interaction between a young root & a fungus)
    • Plant nutritional adaptations

      • symbiosis of plants & soil microbes
      • symbiosis of plants & fungi
      • parasitism
      • predation
    • Animal nutritional requirements
      • carbohydrates
      • proteins
      • fats
      • essential nutrients (amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, trace elements)
    • Types of animal feeding mechanisms

      • substrate-feeders
      • filter feeders
      • fluid feeders
      • bulk-feeders
    • Types of animal digestive compartments

      • food vacuoles
      • incomplete digestive tract
      • complete digestive tract
    • Digestion
      1. ingestion
      2. peristalsis
      3. digestion
      4. absorption
      5. defecation
    • Mechanical digestion

      Ingested food is physically broken down into smaller pieces by chewing or mastication and peristalsis
    • Chemical digestion
      Food is acted upon by catalytic enzymes to be broken down into its absorbable forms
    • Parts of the digestive system

      • Digestive tract - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
      • Accessory organs - teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
    • Oral/Buccal cavity or mouth

      • Taste
      • Mechanical breakdown of food
      • Chemical digestion of carbohydrates by ptyalin or salivary amylase in saliva secreted by 3 pairs of salivary glands
    • Teeth
      • For mechanical digestion thru biting, grinding, cutting, chewing
    • Tongue and salivary glands
      • Functions of tongue - food manipulation, taste, speech
      • 3 pairs of salivary glands - Parotid, Sublingual, Submandibular
      • Saliva (99.5% H2O) lubricates food and begins digestion
    • Pharynx
      • Common passageway for food and air
      • Where swallowing begins
    • Esophagus
      • 25 cm or 10 in long
      • Secrete mucus
      • Transport food thru peristalsis - smooth muscle contractions propel food thru a sphincter (Upper Esophageal Sphincter & Lower Esophageal Sphincter)
    • Stomach
      • Mixes & stores ingested food with HCl into chyme
      • Chemical and mechanical breakdown of food
      • Secretes hydrochloric acid & digestive juices that break down proteins and fats and may kill bacteria
      • Peristalsis
    • Small intestines
      • Where most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food occurs and absorption of digested food by its villi
      • Duodenum - 25cm/10in; complete digestion of food by enzymes
      • Jejunum - 8 ft; absorb H2O & products of digestion into bloodstream
      • Ileum - 12 ft; absorption of end products, with villi & mirovilli
    • Large intestines/colon
      • Concentrates & stores undigested matter by absorbing Na, Vit K & water
      • Doesn't have villi nor coils
      • Many bacteria live, thrive & process undigested material into feces
      • Cecumpouch-like area
      • Colon - ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid; w/ haustrae = pouches
    • Rectum and anus

      • Rectum – short extension of the large intestine, final segment of the digestive tract where compacted undigested food from the colon are pushed via peristalsis
      • Anus – terminal opening of the digestive system thru which feces are expelled, controlled by internal and external sphincters
    • Pancreas
      • Acini – secrete digestive enzymes that break down all major food molecules
      • Islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets – secrete insulin and glucagon that control glucose metabolism
    • Liver and gall bladder

      • Liver produces bile salts that emulsify fats and bile is stored in the gall bladder
    • Anatomy of the liver

      • 4 lobes: right, left, quadrate, caudate
      • Hepatocyte – basic structural component
      • Hepatic vein – for blood circulation
      • Portal vein – carries nutrients, chemicals, drugs, etc in the blood absorbed by the intestines into the liver
    • Functions of the liver

      • Neutralizes & eliminates toxins in the blood thru portal vein
      • Stores vitamins, iron and glucose
      • Synthesizes proteins like albumin & fibrinogen
      • Converts highly toxic ammonia (accumulates from breakdown of proteins) into urea
      • Produces bile that contains cholesterol, bile acids, bilirubin which aids in lipid digestion which is stored in the gallbladder
    • Anatomy of the gallbladder

      • Hepatobiliary tree: Canaliculi from Liver form bile ducts or intrahepatic ducts drain to R & L hepatic ducts merge to form common hepatic duct. Gallbladder's cystic duct & CHD form common bile duct. CBD & pancreatic duct/duct of wirsung form ampulla of vater that drains into duodenum
    • Pancreas
      • Endocrine; Islets of Langerhans secrete insulin & glucagon
      • Exocrine: acinar glands secrete digestive enzymes like trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, carboxypeptidase into duodenum by the pancretic duct and ampulla of vater
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