bandura and chaney

• Some had no model to see how they would react in terms of aggression when no one was around
• Psychological/physical impacts the study may implicate behaviors that the child might show in the future
• Children couldn't give consent so the adults had to consent for the children to take part of the experiment
• Inter-rater reliability was high r-0.89 but it is biased as observers were the ones to make their opinions
• Ecological validity is low because they used a bobo doll which isn't a real person so they may not imitate the exact same behavior
• Ethnocentric because they are all children from the same university nursery so it cannot be generalized due to socio-economic factors
• Male models


  Had greater impacts on imitation over female models
• Boys


  Imitated more physically aggressive acts than girls
• There was little difference in verbal aggression between boys and girls
• Witnessing aggression in a model can be enough to produce aggression by an observer, prior to the study aggression was more of a gradual process
• Chaney- a pilot study
• Aim

  Use of operant conditioning as a way to get children to improve their compliance, through the use of rewards to encourage children to take their medication
• Chaney creates a new inhaler device


  As a good effect for positive reinforcement in children
• Operant conditioning


  Learning through being rewarded or punished when the environment has been manipulated
• Adherence


  Following the advice or guidelines that you are given
• Made a comparison between the aerosol output of the standard/small volume of the spacer device
• Participants were approached by researchers at home before the funhaler was mentioned
• They were interviewed on their existing use of the inhaler
• Given the funhaler for 2 weeks and reported over the phone and told to take snapshots of whether or whenever they had used the funhaler-the spinner will move and the whistle will blow when they take a breath in and out
• After the use of the inhalers they were then visited again by the researchers and the parents were interviewed and completed the matched questionnaires
• They had randomly checked if the funhaler was being used via the telephone
• Random sample


  Collected people from clinics who were prescribed with the medication
• 32 children/ 22 males/10 females
• Aged 1.5-6 years old
• Conducted in the home environment in different regions of Australia
• Children's parents had provided informed consent and participated through doing questionnaires and taking part in phone interviews did a self report
• IV


  Whether the child had used the standard or smaller volume spacer device (the Breath-a-Tech)
• DV


  Adherence levels/how well the participants had responded to taking the medicine
• Informed consent was given by the parents as the children were too young to give it
• Privacy/confidentiality was ensured as all data, aims and responses were kept anonymous when they were briefed
• Reliability- materials and procedure was standardized to allow the research to be repeated by other psychologists
• Ecological Validity- it was a field experiment so it was high as it was a natural occurring environment where their daily lives were not being impacted
• Ethnocentric-yes only took part in Australia- but they had chosen participants from different regions of the country making it less ethnocentric
• Issues: cultural bias/ethnocentric, sample bias
• 68% of children had reported pleasure when using the funhaler whereas only 10% enjoyed using the standard device
• When surveyed at random 81% of children had used the funhaler found to have been medicated the previous day compared to 59% of children using the existing small volume spacer
• Devices that use self-reinforcement strategies can improve the overall health of children as the rewarding nature of the device positively reinforces delivery of the medications
• Bandura's research was conducted with children aged between 3-6 years old.
• The study involved two groups - one group received rewards while taking their medication (funhaler) and another group did not receive any rewards (standard device).
• Children were asked if they liked or disliked the devices, and those who preferred the funhaler were more likely to take their medication regularly.